Formation Of Nanocomposite For Ceramic Film Process Engineering Essay

IntroductionWe are Super Solar Sdn Bhd which is a ceramic based company that produces window solar movies. In respond to your petition to integrate the elements of green technology into the day-to-day procedures in the mill, we are subjecting this proposal to upgrade our industry by implementing the construct of green technology into the industry. Before we start let us to give a brief account on nano ceramic movies. Nano ceramic movies are particular movie bed used on difficult stuffs to protect them from wear and tear. They play a large function in maintaining the strength and quality of stuffs such as metals, plastic and many other merchandises used in industrial and consumer applications. Ceramic coatings are typically made up of particular compounds that possess stronger belongingss than regular coating. Compounds in ceramic coatings include carbides, borides, nitrides, and silicides that are difficult plenty to maintain the stuff from roll uping residue and going prone to breakage while in usage. There are two types of ceramic coatings, single-layer and multi-layer. Single-layer coatings are normally applied on already strong stuffs that are non ever exposed to damage, such as PVC plastic and non-metallic merchandises. Multi-layer coatings are used on more delicate merchandises such as fibreglass, metals and other points used for particular research lab or industrial intents. The nano ceramic movie that we produce in our mill is specifically tailored to function as shade or coat for edifice Windowss and vehicles. Our movie ( Solar Tint ) applied straight to the inside of Windowss in a place or commercial concern to organize a protective barrier against the Sun ‘s harmful infrared and ultraviolet radiation. As for automotive movies, the coatings allow a certain sum of Visible Light Transmission, while barricading out of the Sun ‘s infrared heat. The technique we are using to bring forth our nano ceramic atoms is known as Thermal Plasma where the ceramic atoms are heated to high temperature that causes vaporization of the little micron size atoms. Then, to surface the nano ceramic atoms onto Polyethylene Terephthalate or PET movies, the thermic crop-dusting method is used whereby the beginning of heat and energy is a high-temperature plasma. The nano ceramic movies are now formed. Presently there are many issues on natural resources depletion due to industrial procedures. One of the methods to get the better of this job is by implementing the rules of green technology in our industrial procedure. Green technology is the procedure and design of merchandises that conserve natural resources, and impact the natural environment every bit small as possible. The usage of green engineering besides referred as clean engineering is supposed to cut down the sum of waste and pollution that is created during production and ingestion. There are many types of green engineering such as energy, edifice, preferable buying, chemical science and besides nanotechnology. Our focal point is traveling to be chiefly on nanotechnology, efficiency maximization, energy preservation and lastingness. Nanotechnology involves pull stringsing stuffs to the smallest nanometre therefore it can be best to implement green nanotechnology is the usage of green rules in the field. Nanotechnology involves the use of stuffs at the graduated table of the nanometer, one billionth of a metre. Based on this green technology rule, we would wish to present the nano ceramic coating. Nano ceramic coatings provide non merely the usual protection of single-layer and multi-layer coatings, but besides feature thermodynamic belongingss. Nano ceramic window movies are fade and corrosion free, outliving other conventional stuff ( bleached and metals ) based movies by more than 50 % . They are known with the term spectrally selective because they reject blaze and block heat while supplying seeable light and optimal lucidity. Their alone heat control belongingss can merely be exhibited at nano graduated table and the preciseness of the fabrication procedure consequences in a thin bed with even thickness to a ccomplish a uniform, impersonal coloring material tone and public presentation.PROBLEM STATEMENT:Presently, we have been bring forthing nano ceramic movies ( Solar Shade ) used as shade and coat for Windowss in edifices and automotives with the intent of cut downing heat and seeable beam. We have been utilizing the Thermal Plasma procedure to organize nano ceramic atoms of Sn oxide from the majority Sn oxide atoms. These atoms are so used to surface the Polyethylene Terephthalate or PET movies to organize nano ceramic movies. These procedures use up enormous sum of thermic energy and are really dearly-won. There have been programs to cut down the energy ingestion and cost without compromising the quality of the merchandise. Apart from that, the competition in the ceramic movie devising industry is really high and we need to bring forth high quality nano ceramic movies that can run into the demands and demands of our clients. With the on-going argument on the benefits of implementing green engineering in our industrial procedures and programs to better our merchandise quality every bit good as cost decrease, we are doing a proposal to incorporate green engineering in the processing and production of our nano ceramic movies and take necessary steps to do more efficient nano ceramic movies.MethodologyBriefly, being a ceramic based company, we are bring forthing nanoceramic atoms, SnO2 from bulk ceramic atoms utilizing the thermic plasma method and use them to surface Polyethylene Terephthalate, PET movies that we are purchasing from a PET maker. The surfacing stuff that we are utilizing is SnO2 utilizing a thermic crop-dusting method known as Vacuum Plasma Spraying ( VPS ) . And the nano ceramic movies are formed. This films maps as solar heat control window movies for residentials and automotive. In item, the procedures involved are as follows: In nanotechnology, a atom is defined as a little object that behaves as a whole unit in footings of its conveyance and belongingss. Atoms are farther classified harmonizing to size: in footings of diameter, all right atoms cover a scope between 100 and 2500 nanometers.On the other manus, ultrafine atoms are sized between 1 and 100 nanometres. Similar to ultrafine atoms, nanoparticles are sized between 1 and 100 nanometres. Nanoparticles may or may non exhibit size-related belongingss that differ significantly from those observed in all right atoms or majority materials.There are several methods for making nanoparticles, and the method we are utilizing presently is known as thermal plasma which deliver the energy necessary to do vaporization of little micron size atoms. The thermic plasma temperatures are in the order of 10,000 K, so that solid pulverization easy evaporates. Nanoparticles are formed upon chilling while go outing the plasma part. The types of the thermic plasma torch u sed to bring forth nanoparticles are ( RF ) initiation plasmas. In RF initiation plasma torches, energy matching to the plasma is accomplished through the electromagnetic field generated by the initiation spiral. The plasma gas does non come in contact with electrodes, therefore extinguishing possible beginnings of taint and leting the operation of such plasma torches with a broad scope of gases including inert, cut downing, oxidising and other caustic ambiances. The nano atoms that are formed in the earlier measure will now be used as surfacing stuff.There are assorted thermic spraying methods for coating of nano ceramic atoms on the PET movie. One method is vacuum plasma crop-dusting ( VPS ) . As with all plasma spraying methods, the beginning of heat and energy in VPS is a high-temperature plasma. In plasma burner an discharge is produced which heats an inert gas watercourse by ionisation and recombination reactions to temperatures of up to 20,000 K. The stuff to be deposited, in this instance SnO2 is fed in pulverization signifier into this high-energy plasma watercourse with the assistance of a bearer gas. The pulverization atoms are accelerated, heated to a liquefied province and projected at high velocity onto the substrate, which causes them to flatten and organize a lamellar coating. Depending on the continuance of the crop-dusting operation surfacing thicknesses from several ?m to a few centimeter can be produced. Bulk ceramic atoms Nano ceramic atoms Thermal Plasma Vaccum Plasma Spraying PET Films Nano Ceramic FilmFigure 1: Diagram of processing of nano ceramic moviesDiscussionDesign ProcedureBelow is the suggested alteration to the current processing of movie that complies with the rules of Green Technology. The execution of green technology in the procedure and production of nano ceramic movies will give us a positive impact in the hereafter, where we will name the undermentioned impacts at the following pages. The modified nano ceramic movie is named as Green Solar Tint. The modified procedure methodological analysis: Nano ceramic atoms of Tin Oxide formed from the thermic plasma procedure ab initio is replaced by Wet Chemical Process. The PET movies are ab initio coated with nano Tin oxide atoms utilizing the Vacuum Plasma Spraying are now replaced by surfacing bed of TiN ( Ti nitride ) followed by a bed of Tin oxide utilizing the PVD ( Physical Vapor Deposition ) Method.Formation OF NANOCOMPOSITE FOR CERAMIC FILM PROCESSInitially our company used thermic plasma as our procedure to bring forth nano atoms. As our concern about green engineering, we suggested to utilize Wet Chemical Process to bring forth nano atoms. Wet chemical methods enable inexpensive, low-temperature, mass-scale fabrication paths. They produce powdered porous and heavy micro-structures that can non be realized otherwise. In wet-chemical processing, clean nano atom scatterings are deposited on the substrate at, chiefly, ambient conditions. The deposition is followed by a rapid thermic processing intervention to take liquids and organic additives, to change over precursors to the mark composing, and to set up the concluding porous and heavy micr o-structure. In the synthesis of precursor scatterings it is really of import to obtain nano atoms with a near-isometric form and a reasonably narrow atom size distribution, without the formation of secondary agglomerate constructions. In peculiar the latter requires careful control of solution and interfacial chemical science to accomplish proper colloidal stableness, during and after the synthesis procedure.Procedure OF FILM COATING USING TITANIUM NITRIDEPreviously in our ceramics movie procedure, we applied thermic crop-dusting for movie coating. Our old surfacing stuff was Tin oxide entirely. Now as we are suggesting our ceramic movie industry based on green technology, we suggest titanium nitride to be used as our surfacing stuff with a protective bed of Sn oxide. There are few procedures that can be carried out for movie coating. Those are nitriding, thin coat engineerings, thermic crop-dusting and optical maser engineering. Based on our findings sing these procedures, thin co at engineerings is sensible and more convenient to be applied for our ceramics movie industry. Nitriding and thermic spraying need a really high force per unit area and temperature to execute the procedure, where the temperature is capable of transcending boulder clay 20 000 K. Then for optical maser engineering, it requires high tech equipment for surfacing which can be really dearly-won. Hence, we are suggesting the Thin Coat Technology or specifically Physical Vapor Deposition for surfacing procedure.Thin coat engineerings1. The thin coating engineerings used with Ti are PVD ( Physical Vapor Deposition ) these are chemical/physical vapor deposition methods used to fabricate protective coatings. 2. PVD procedures are carried out under vacuity conditions. The procedure involved four stairss: vaporization, transit, reaction and deposition. Evaporation-During this phase, a mark, dwelling of the stuff to be deposited is bombarded by a high energy beginning such as a beam of negatrons or ions. This dislodges atoms from the surface of the mark, ‘vaporizing ‘ them. Transport-This procedure merely consists of the motion of ‘vaporized ‘ atoms from the mark to the substrate to be coated and will by and large be a consecutive line matter. Reaction-In some instances coatings will dwell of metal oxides, nitrides, carbides and other such stuffs. The atoms of metal will so respond with the appropriate gas during the conveyance phase. For the above measure, the reactive gases that can be used is nitrogen which is more abundant compared to methane and O. Deposition-This is the procedure of surfacing construct up on the substrate surface. In our instance, we are surfacing TiN onto the surface of PET movies.Why is our modified procedure better than the initial procedure?Thermal plasma – initial procedure used to bring forth nano atomsThermal plasmas have high temperatures up to15, 000 K because the plasmas are generated at comparatively high force per unit areas where near to atmospheric force per unit area ; they have high densenesss and are considered to be at equilibrium. Since we need a high temperature, we need a higher heat content to bring forth the temperature. In this production method, jobs arise from the residuary coarse atoms. When precursor pulverizations are injected into thermic plasma in which temperature and flow distributions exist both radially and axially, some of the precursor atoms are non evaporated wholly. The non evaporated portion, although little, necessitates an extra station separation procedureWet C hemical Process- modified procedure to bring forth nano atomsThis is the scope of techniques that are most applicable for word picture by light dispersing techniques. These are basically ‘bottom-up ‘ techniques, where they start with ions or molecules and construct these up into larger constructions. These wet chemical science techniques presently offer the best quality nano atoms from a figure of points of position. They produce nano atoms that are already in the signifier of scattering, therefore high inter-particle forces can be designed in to forestall agglomeration. The formation of sums can be reduced or eliminated. The nano atoms can be made to be really same size to within little tolerances. The chemical composing and morphology can be closely controlled.Vacuum Plasma Spraying- initial procedure used to bring forth surfacingThis system, as the name implies, uses an electric discharge as the heat beginning which is much hotter than the temperature produced by an o xy-acetylene fire. This means that higher thaw point stuffs can be deposited at higher speeds ( 200-400 m/s ) taking to high bonded strength in vacuity plasma praying. Hence higher energy ingestion is needed for surfacing procedure. Other disadvantages are that the procedure requires more expensive equipment and that it is non suited for manual operation in instance of power break.Physical Vapor Deposition. – modified procedure to bring forth surfacingPVD coatings are deposited for legion grounds. Some of the chief 1s are improved hardness and wear opposition, reduced clash and improved oxidization opposition. The usage of such coatings is aimed at bettering efficiency through improved public presentation and longer component life. They may besides let coated constituents to run in environments that the uncoated constituent would non otherwise have been able to execute. Materials can be deposited with improved belongingss compared to the substrate stuff. Almost any type of in organic stuff can be used every bit good as some sorts of organic stuffs. The procedure is more environmentally friendly than procedures such as electroplating.TinAs mentioned above, the PET movies are ab initio coated with nano Tin oxide atoms entirely are now replaced by surfacing bed of TiN ( Ti nitride ) followed by a bed of Tin oxide. Why TiN? TiN bearing movie is oxidation-resistant and has first-class scratch opposition. It besides has superior light rarefying features, peculiarly reduced seeable coefficient of reflection and decreased colour. Using TiN as a solar shield on architectural Windowss can cut down the solar heat addition during hot conditions, Ti nitride coating is the most advantageous pick for most applications because of the comparative easiness with which gaseous precursors to the coating can be formed and handled on processing equipment. A solar shade bearing Ti nitride ( TiN ) as the chief barrier is coated with a thin bed of protective transparent movie of Sn oxide. Tin oxide is believed to hold the most favourable combination of mechanical, optical and infra ruddy emmisivity belongingss to complement solar shield applications.Design OF PRODUCT ( Green Solar Tint )AutomotiveBy and large, our improved nano ceramic movies ( Green Solar Shade ) offer better heat rejection, low coefficient of reflection an d better lastingness as compared to the old ceramic movies ( Solar Shade ) that offer limited heat rejection:By cutting down intolerable heat, our nano ceramic movies cool the vehicle more expeditiously and cut down fuel ingestion. Residents are besides protected from the harmful Ultra Violet rays that are damaging to the eyes and tegument through the high Ultra Violet rejection transcending 90 % . Improves the overall comfort of drive, offers fade control and protects the vehicle by widening the life of the vehicle ‘s inside every bit good. High Infra Red heat rejection up to 96 % and auto interior temperature reduced. Reduces blaze and driving weariness therefore heightening driving comfort. Protects drivers/passengers from the Sun ‘s harmful radiation. 100 % dye-free and no stain and estimated to hold longer life rhythm than the conventional dyed and metallic movies. Extends lifetime of vehicle inside with fade protection. Improves shatter-resistance of windshields. Significant heat decrease lowers chilling burden of air-conditioning and fuel ingestion Prolongs lifetime of air-conditioning compressor and reduces replacing costs. Generally helps salvage energy and indirectly saves environment because decrease of fuel ingestion means lesser harmful gases released into the air.BuildingsConventional ceramic movies seem to filtrate out excessively much of the natural visible radiation go forthing their places excessively dark or they let in excessively much visible radiation and capable their trappingss and loved 1s to the detrimental effects of Ultra Violet beams. Whereas, our improved nano ceramic movies ( Green Solar Shade ) :Reduce the Infra-Red heat build-up in the house and besides cut off more than 90 % of the Ultraviolet rays that cause tegument jobs and attenuation of insides. While protecting valuable place trappingss and widening their lifetime, nano-ceramic movies have the added characteristic of low contemplation at dark and the position is hence non obscured. The bed of movie besides provides an added degree of safety by maintaining glass fragments together in the event of inadvertent breakage. Significant Infra-Red Heat rejection lowers chilling burden of air-conditioning ingestion Enhances interior comfort and life environment with reduced blazeCost Analysis for Nano Ceramic Films ( Solar Tint V Green Solar Tint ) .Presently our company bring forthing nano ceramic atoms from bulk ceramic atoms utilizing the thermic plasma method and use them to surface Polyethylene Terephthalate, PET movies by utilizing thermic spray techniques. We are bring forthing 150000 ft2 of nano ceramic movie per batch. The continuance which we took to finish 1 batch is 10 working yearss ( 2 hebdomads ) . The followers is the cost analysis for one batch which affecting production of nano ceramic atoms and besides surfacing procedure. Solar Shade Materials ( RM/KG ) ( Tin oxide + PET movies ) 54,400 Water/Electricity ( RM ) 572,000 Labor ( RM ) 100,000 Maintenance ( RM ) 40,000 Rent ( RM ) 50,000 Entire Cost ( RM ) 816400 The natural stuff which is used to bring forth nano ceramic atoms is tin oxide and about 45000 kilograms of Sn oxide is being used for a batch ( market monetary value 0.68 cents per Kg ) . 20000 KW/h are being used for a batch for making nano atoms and undergo coating procedure. Entire Cost of the production are RM 816400 and our merchandising monetary value is RM 8.50 ( 1 ft2 ) . The overall net incomes from the production per batch are RM 458600 which is about 36 % from the overall gross. Estimated Cost Analysis for ( Green Solar Tint ) The estimated continuance to bring forth 150000 ft2 of Green Solar Tint is 10 working yearss ( 2 hebdomads ) . The followers is the cost analysis for one batch. Cost Analysis NANO CERAMIC FILM Materials ( RM/KG ) ( Tin oxide+ TiN+ PET movies ) 107,000 Water/Electricity ( RM ) 410,000 Labor ( RM ) 100,000 Maintenance ( RM ) 40,000 Rent ( RM ) 50,000 Entire Cost ( RM ) 707,000 The natural stuff which is used to bring forth ceramic movies is tin oxide and about 45000 kilograms of Sn oxide is estimated to be used for a batch ( market monetary value 0.68 cents per Kg ) .The estimated energy ingestion will be 14600 KW/h. Estimated energy ingestion will be lower for Green Solar Tint production compared to Solar Tint because it does n't affect thermic procedures which consume high energy. The estimated energy decrease will be 27 % ( 5400KW/h ) . Entire Estimated Cost of the production are RM 707,000 and our merchandising monetary value is RM 9.00 ( 1 ft2 ) .The overall net incomes from the production per batch are RM 643000 which is about 47.63 % from overall gross.Social and Environmental ImpactsBulidings and placesSocial Impact:The Green Solar Tint removes up to 90 % of the Sun ‘s damaging UV beams, which cause fast attenuation of trappingss, carpets, images and other belongingss and sun harm. So this lengthens the life rhythm of stuff and furniture at p lace. Besides that, Green Solar Tint offers window movies that block basically all harmful UV beams, the taking cause of skin malignant neoplastic disease and other unsafe conditions that impact all ages. With this, we can protect our loved 1s from hamful UV rays.Solar shade besides offers added safety for everyone and anything in the house. In instances of larceny or natural catastrophes like temblors and twister, the solar shade movie is competent at maintaining the broken pieces of glass together. This can avoid or at the really least lessen physical injury to your pets and relations and extra harm to your belongings. Extra benefits include an elegant visual aspect, reduced blaze and improved comfort and the Sun ‘s heat that comes through the window being reflected off.Environmental Impact:Green Solar Tint ‘s capableness to reject important sum of Infra Red heat lowers chilling burden of air conditioning ingestion. This means energy can be saved at place by utilizing lesser air conditioning. And indirectly, we can assist cut down the emision of harmful CFC to the environment.AutomotiveSocial ImpactGreen solar shade is besides efficient in cut downing Sun blaze which is really utile most particularly to the driver ( automotive application ) , since it is really helpful in forestalling oculus strain and weariness. Aside from that, riders will besides detect the auto seats get hot easy doing uncomfortableness to sit on. Through Green Solar Tint, non merely is the upholstery of the auto protected, but the riders are protected as good. Green Solar shade is capable of barricading up to 90 % of UV beams so one time installed on every auto window you can be assured that you and your household are protected from its detrimental effects. Aside from these grounds that are already given, solar shade besides serves as an added shield that facilitates to your safety and security. The movies will forestall broken pieces of glass from shattering in instance of an accident. This will so minimise possible physical injury both from exterior and inside the auto.Environmental ImpactGreen solar shade is besides really efficient in barricading heat from the Sun. This is a really economical manner of salvaging fuel because of decreased use of air con. And less use of air con means less fuel ingestion. This manner we get to salvage our natural resources ( fuel ) every bit good as cut down pollutant emitted by vehicles.DecisionAs a decision, the modified Green solar shade will supply good solar rejection and it is cheaper than Solar shade ( initial merchandise ) .Recommendation1. The natural stuffs that we traveling to utilize for ceramic procedure, should be maximized, so that the merchandises besides will be maximized. Hence, the dimension of the reactors should be design harmonizing to our company penchant. Overall, we can cut down the use of energy by non reiterating the procedure once more. 2. First, the mixture of our natural stuffs in an organic dissolver should be every bit pure as possible. This can be done, by holding an extra procedure of separation and purification of our natural stuffs. As a consequence, we can forestall the wastage. The drosss from the separation, we can re-use it back as our side merchandises. 3. Normally, it is impossible to derive 100 % pureness in our merchandises. There should be some by- merchandises produce. The byproducts can be re-usable or can be re-cycling back to our provender. It is a good investing for our company.Waste PRODUCTSZinc oxide is one of the drosss from our natural stuffs. So, it is non necessary for us to divide the drosss as Zn oxide have a superior UV barricading belongingss compared to its majority replacement. Actually, this dross is frequently used in ties readying of sunscreen lotions and it is wholly photo stable. Impurities or waste merchandises like nanoscale atoms that being produced in our industry can be used for biomedical application as drug bearers or imaging agents. We can do it as our side investings.

Challenges of Money Market Mkt in India Essay

The India money market is a monetary system that involves the lending and borrowing of short-term funds. India money market has seen exponential growth just after the globalization initiative in 1991. It has been observed that financial institutions do employ money market instruments for financing short-term monetary requirements of various sectors such as agriculture, finance and manufacturing. The performance of the India money market has been outstanding in the past 20 years. The central bank of the country – the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has always been playing the major role in regulating and controlling the India money market. The intervention of RBI is varied – curbing crisis situations by reducing the cash reserve ratio (CRR) or infusing more money in the economy. Money market instruments take care of the borrowers’ short-term needs and render the required liquidity to the lenders. The varied types of India money market instruments are treasury bills, repurchase agreements, commercial papers, certificate of deposit, and bankers acceptance. The major players in the money market are Reserve Bank of India (RBI), Discount and finance House of India (DFHI), banks, financial institutions, mutual funds, government and the giant corporate houses. Indian money market has a dichotomic structure. It has a simultaneous existence of both organized and unorganized money markets. The organized structure consists of the RBI , all scheduled and commercial banks and other recognized financial institutions as mentioned above. However, the unorganized part of the market consists of local moneylenders, indigenous bankers, traders, etc. This part of the market is outside the purview of the RBI. Issues and challenges of the Indian money market The money market in India has undergone tremendous developments since past twenty years. However, it is still not free of certain rigidities that are hampering the growth of the market. They are: 1. Dichotomy between Organized and Unorganized Sectors: The most important defect of the Indian money market is its division into two sectors: (a) the organised sector and (b) the unorganized sector. There is little contact, coordination and cooperation between the two sectors. In such conditions it is difficult for the Reserve Bank to ensure uniform and effective implementations of monetary policy in both the sectors. 2. Predominance of Unorganized Sector: Another important defect of the Indian money market is its predominance of unorganised sector. The indigenous bankers occupy a significant position in the money-lending business in the rural areas. In this unorganized sector, no clear-cut distinction is made between short-term and long-term and between the purposes of loans. These indigenous bankers, which constitute a large portion of the money market, remain outside the organized sector. Therefore, they seriously restrict the Reserve Bank’s control over the money market, 3. Wasteful Competition: Wasteful competition exists not only between the organised and unorganised sectors, but also among the members of the two sectors. The relation between various segments of the money market are not cordial; they are loosely connected with each other and generally follow separatist tendencies. For example, even today, the State Bank of Indian and other commercial banks look down upon each other as rivals. Similarly, competition exists between the Indian commercial banks and foreign banks. 4. Absence of All-India Money Market: Indian money market has not been organised into a single integrated all-Indian market. It is divided into small segments mostly catering to the local financial needs. For example, there is little contact between the money markets in the bigger cities, like, Bombay, Madras, and Calcutta and those in smaller towns. 5. Inadequate Banking Facilities: Indian money market is inadequate to meet the financial need of the economy. Although there has been rapid expansion of bank branches in recent years particularly after the nationalization of banks, yet vast rural areas still exist without banking facilities. As compared to the size and population of the country, the banking institutions are not enough. 6. Shortage of Capital: Indian money market generally suffers from the shortage of capital funds. The availability of capital in the money market is insufficient to meet the needs of industry and trade in the country. The main reasons for the shortage of capital are: (a) low saving capacity of the people; (b) inadequate banking facilities, particularly in the rural areas; and (c) undeveloped banking habits among the people. 7. Seasonal Shortage of Funds: A Major drawback of the Indian money market is the seasonal stringency of credit and higher interest rates during a part of the year. Such a shortage invariably appears during the busy months from November to June when there is excess demand for credit for carrying on the harvesting and marketing operations in agriculture. As a result, the interest rates rise in this period. On the contrary, during the slack season, from July to October, the demand for credit and the rate of interest decline sharply. 8. Diversity of Interest Rates: Another defect of Indian money market is the multiplicity and disparity of interest rates. In 1931, the Central Banking Enquiry Committee wrote: â€Å"The fact that a call rate of 3/4 per cent, a hundi rate of 3 per cent, a bank rate of 4 per cent, a bazar rate of small traders of 6.25 per cent and a Calcutta bazar rate for bills of small trader of 10 per cent can exist simultaneously indicates an extraordinary sluggishness of the movement of credit between various markets.† The interest rates also differ in various centres like Bombay, Calcutta, etc. Variations in the interest rate structure is largely due to the credit immobility because of inadequate, costly and time-consuming means of transferring money. Disparities in the interest rates adversely affect the smooth and effective functioning of the money market. 9. Absence of Bill Market: The existence of a well-organized bill market is essential for the proper and efficient working of money market. Unfortunately, in spite of the serious efforts made by the Reserve Bank of India, the bill market in India has not yet been fully developed. The short-term bills form a much smaller proportion of the bank finance in India as compared to that in the advanced countries. Many factors are responsible for the underdeveloped bill market in India: * Most of the commercial transactions are made in terms of cash. * Cash credit is the main form of borrowing from the banks. Cash credit is given by the banks against the security of commodities. No bills are involved in this type of credit. * The practice of advancing loans by the sellers also limits the use of bills. * Heavy stamp duty discourages the use of exchange bills. * Absence of acceptance houses is another factor responsible for the underdevelopment of bill market in India. * In their desire to ensure greater liquidity and public confidence, the Indian banks prefer to invest their funds in first class government securities than in exchange bills. * The RBI also prefers to extend rediscounting facility to the commercial banks against approved securities. Comparison of Indian money market with Developed & Developing economies MONEY MARKET IN A DEVELOPED ECONOMY (with the US in reference) The domestic money market in the United States carries out the largest volume of transactions of any such market in the world; its participants include the most heterogeneous group of financial and nonfinancial concerns to be found in any money market; it permits trading in an unusually wide variety of money substitutes; and it is less centralized geographically than the money market of any other country. Although there has always been a clustering of money market activities in New York City and much of the country’s participation in the international money market centers there, a process of continuous change during the 20th century has produced a genuinely national money market. The unit banking system: This system has led inevitably to striking differences between money market arrangements in the United States and those of other countries. At times, some smaller banks almost inevitably find that the wholesale facilities of the money market cannot provide promptly the funds needed to meet unexpected reserve drains, as deposits move about the country from one bank to another. MONEY MARKET IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES Well-developed money markets exist in only a few high-income countries. In other countries money markets are narrow, poorly integrated, and in many cases virtually nonexistent. Despite the many differences among countries, one can say in general that the degree of development of a country’s financial system, including its money markets, is directly related to the level of its economy. Most developing countries, except those having socialist systems, have the encouragement of money markets as a policy objective, if only to provide outlets for short-term government securities. At the same time many of these governments pursue low-interest-rate policies in order to reduce the cost of government debt and to encourage investment. Such policies discourage saving and make money market instruments unattractive. Nevertheless, a demand for short-term funds and a supply of them exist in all market-oriented economies. In many developing countries these pressures have led to â€Å"unorganized money markets,† which are often highly developed in urban areas Such markets are unorganized because they are outside â€Å"normal† financial institutions; they manage to escape government controls over interest rates; but at the same time they do not function very effectively because interest rates are high and contacts between localities and among borrowers and lenders are limited. Money Market Instruments in India: 1. COMMERCIAL PAPERS (CPs) : Commercial Paper (CP) is a negotiable short-term unsecured promissory note with fixed maturity, issued by well-rated companies generally sold on discount basis. It does not originate from any specific self-liquidating trade transaction like commercial bill which generally arise out of specific trade or commercial transaction. CP was introduced in India in 1990 with a view to enabling highly rated corporate borrowers to diversify their sources of short-term borrowings and to provide an additional instrument to investors. The CP rates usually lie between prime lending rate of commercial banks and some benchmark interest rate like 91-day Treasury bill rate, bank rate, 3 month MIBOR, Average Call Money Rate, etc. Except for the bank rate, which is a policy- induced rate, other rates are market determined. Risks associated with Cps: Credit Risk: Moderate to high. The ratings of the company issuing the commercial paper should be monitored; i.e., A-1/P-1. Liquidity Risk: Moderate. If a company has credit problems it may receive a negative credit watch, which will lead to a rating being downgraded. Commercial paper also may be somewhat difficult to sell. Market Risk: Moderate, due to the short-term nature of this security. CHALLENEGES ASSOCIATED WITH CPs: * Higher financial costs force organizational decisions and changes * Substantial initial collateral requirements * More risky as debt holders can force closure of MFI * More tricky cash flow management as principal is repaid * Early negotiations require a new set of skills and contacts * Local banks may not be willing to be cooperative * Loans may be dollarized in an inflationary situation * Too many subsidized loans can retard move to market rate 2. CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSITS (CDs) : This scheme was introduced in July 1989, to enable the banking system to mobilize bulk deposits from the market, which they can have at competitive rates of interest. The major features are:   Who can issue- Scheduled commercial banks (except RRBs) and All India Financial Institutions within their `Umbrella limit’. Investors- Individuals (other than minors), corporations, companies, trusts, funds, associations etc Maturity -Min: 7 days Max : 12 Months (in case of FIs minimum 1 year and maximum 3 years). Amount- Min: Rs.1 lac, beyond which in multiple of Rs.1 lac Interest Rate- Market related. Fixed or floating Loan- Against collateral of CD not permitted Pre-mature cancellation- Not allowed Transfer, Endorsement & delivery- Any time Other conditions †¢ If payment day is holiday, to be paid on next preceding business day †¢Issued at a discount to face value †¢Duplicate can be issued after giving a public notice & obtaining indemnity CHALLENGES ASSOCIATED WITH CDs: * No additions are permitted to be made to any CD. Unless otherwise required by law CDs may not be withdrawn prior to maturity. When one purchases a CD, he has to agree with the issuing depository institution to keep your funds on deposit for the term of the CD. * CDs are not automatically renewed * CDs are relatively illiquid and taxable instruments. Hence, generally people do not find an incentive to hold CDs. * One might not get a fixed interest rate if you choose the wrong type of CD. It’s important to understand the distinction between variable-rate CDs (which can be less predictable) and those that offer fixed rates. 3. TREASURY BILLS (T-BILLS) : Treasury bills, popularly known as T-bills, are short-term finance bills issued by the government. They are not backed by any trade transaction, like the commercial bills. These bills are highly liquid and risk-free as they are backed by a guarantee from the government. They were earlier issued for 91 days but now there are also 182 days and 364 days treasury bills. These treasury bills are floated through auctions conducted by RBI. The Reserve Bank of India as the leader and controller of money market, buys and sells these treasury bills. The buying and selling operations are conducted by DFHI on behalf of RBI for stabilizing the money market. Who can buy – Treasury bills can be purchased by any one (including individuals) except State govt. These are issued by RBI and sold through fortnightly or monthly auctions at varying discount rate depending upon the bids. Denomination – Minimum amount of face value Rs.1L and in multiples thereof. There is no specific amount/limit on the extent to which these can be issued or purchased. Maturity : 91-days TBs, 182-days TBs, 364-days TBs and two types of 14-days TBills. Rate of interest -Market determined, based on demand for and supply of funds in the money market. CHALLENGES ASSOCIATED WITH T-BILLS: * T-Bills do not fetch very attractive yields. * Though T-bills are sold through auction in order to ensure market rates for the investor, in actuality, competitive bids are almost absent. The RBI is compelled to accept these non-competitive bids , hence, adequate returns are not available. It makes T-bills unpopular. * Generally , the investors hold T-Bills till maturity and they do not come for circulation. Hence, active trading and mobility in T-bill market is adversely affected. 4. REPURCHASE AGREEMENT (REPO AND REVERSE REPO) : Repo is a money market instrument, which enables collateralized short term borrowing and lending through sale/purchase operations in debt instruments. Under a repo transaction, a holder of securities sells them to an investor with an agreement to repurchase at a predetermined date and rate. In the case of a repo, the forward clean price of the bonds is set in advance at a level which is different from the spot clean price by adjusting the difference between repo interest and coupon earned on the security. A reverse repo is the mirror image of a repo. For, in a reverse repo, securities are acquired with a simultaneous commitment to resell. Hence whether a transaction is a repo or a reverse repo is determined only in terms of who initiated the first leg of the transaction. When the reverse repurchase transaction matures, the counterparty returns the security to the entity concerned and receives its cash along with a profit spread. One factor which encourages an organization to enter into reverse repo is that it earns some extra income on its otherwise idle cash. Broadly, there are four types of repos available in the international market when classified with regard to maturity of underlying securities, pricing, term of repo etc. They comprise buy-sell back repo, classic repo bond borrowing and lending and tripartite repos. CHALLENGES ASSOCIATED WITH REPURCHASE AGREEMENTS: * As far as risks are concerned although repos are collateralized transactions they are still exposed to counterparty risk and the issuer risk associated with the collateral. As far as the counterparty risk is concerned, the investor should be able to liquidate the securities received as collateral, thus largely offsetting any loss. Against this the seller /lender of bonds will hold cash or other securities as protection against non-return of the lent securities. In both the cases it is to be ensured that the realizable value equals or exceeds the exposure. * There is also the concentration risk resulting from illiquid issues which are used as collateral in the transaction. * Again, even where global agreements are signed full transfer of ownership as per contractual protections could be enforced only where a clean legal opinion is available in respect of jurisdiction concerned. In other words, repos are also prone to legal risks if care is not taken. 5. MONEY MARKET MUTUAL FUNDS (MMMF): 6. COLLATERALIZED BORROWING AND LENDING OBLIGATION (CBLO) It is a money market instrument as approved by RBI, is a product developed by CCIL (Clearing Council of India Ltd) . CBLO is a discounted instrument available in electronic book entry form for the maturity period ranging from one day to 90 Days (can be made available up to one year as per RBI guidelines). CBLO is explained as under: †¢ An obligation by the borrower to return the money borrowed, at a specified future date; †¢ An authority to the lender to receive money lent, at a specified future date with an option/privilege to transfer the authority to another person for value received; †¢ An underlying charge on securities held in custody (with CCIL) for the amount borrowed/lent. Banks, financial institutions, primary dealers, mutual funds and co-operative banks, who are members of NDS, are allowed to participate in CBLO transactions. Non-NDS members like corporate, co-operative banks, NBFCs, Pension/Provident Funds, Trusts etc. are allowed to participate by obtaining Associate Membership to CBLO Segment. In order to enable the market participants to borrow and lend funds, CCIL provides the Dealing System through: – Indian Financial Network (INFINET), a closed user group to the Members of the Negotiated Dealing System (NDS) who maintain Current account with RBI. – Internet gateway for other entities who do not maintain Current account with RBI.

All the Pretty Horses novel Essay

The main character, John Grady Cole, faces plenty of hardships throughout his journey from his home in Texas to Mexico. On the other hand, McCarthy writes this award-winning book in a positive way, demonstrating the balance between optimism and pessimism in our world. He shows how John Grady Cole has matured and grown substantially because of this negativity he faces. The reader can clearly see the negativity not only in the first page of the novel, but also in the first paragraph. McCarthy begins the book with, â€Å"†¦ he looked at the face so caved and drawn among the folds of funeral cloth, the yellowed moustache, the eyelids paper thin. That was not sleeping†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (3). The funeral described in the first page is John Grady’s grandpa’s funeral. Starting a book off in this way (with a dead body) obviously points the reader towards the opinion that this book is a long, dreadful ride with much death and destruction. The image of the coffin, the yellowing moustache, and the deceased person clearly shows the negativity that fills this book. Throughout the book, John Grady Cole faces many challenges and much adversity and learns to live with it. After leaving their home in Texas, John Grady and his best friend Rawlins travel hundreds of miles deep into the heart of Mexico on horseback until they reach a ranch offering work called La Purisima. Both of these boys are skilled at working with horses and spend most of their time at the ranch taming and taking care of the many horses there. While working at La Purisima, John meets the ranch owner’s daughter, a beautiful girl named Alejandra, and falls in love. Alejandra’s father absolutely does not appreciate this; in fact, he orders for John Grady and Rawlins to be arrested because of John’s interactions with Alejandra. The hardships that these boys face are relentless, however, John Grady refuses to hang his head and give up. On their way to the jail, John Grady says to Rawlins, â€Å"I can’t back up and start over. But I don’t see the point in slobberin over it† (155). At this point, McCarthy reveals how John Grady has matured and has learned to live with the sorrows he faces. With this new found maturity, and as John Grady Cole overcomes this terrible journey of negativity, he has learned to live with the pessimism and has found out how the negatives go side by side with the positives. Nearing the end of the book John Grady Cole realizes that â€Å"the world’s pain and its beauty moved in a relationship of diverging equity† (282). John Grady has learned the skill of searching for the light in a dark room, constantly refusing to dwell on the negative aspects of his many horrible situations. He has a new wisdom of the world and has learned how it works. In conclusion, McCarthy writes All The Pretty Horses with much negativity and at the same time he delivers a lesson of how positivity is hidden in every situation, journey, and life. McCarthy demonstrates how John Grady Cole learns maturity the hard way: through hardships, sorrow and death. This book leaves the reader with a tear in their eye and a smile on their face, for they know that sorrow is sitting on the doorstep of happiness.

Importance of organisational Values Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Importance of organisational Values - Essay Example The entire above are imperative for effectiveness in both private and the National Health Service organisations. I will discuss all these in depth to demonstrate their usefulness. The effectiveness concept is considered as one of the reform bills’ objectives such as tariff alternatives needed for long-term, non-elective and complex care. Pooled or delegated budgets, pushed payments and capitalized funds are some of these alternatives. Any mechanism of payment that is adopted needs to promote financial rewards. Secondly, system leadership is also essential at a regional level, which should be facilitated by clinically led multi-professional cabinets working together with the NHS commissioning board. Being appointed as the new manager of the patient’s care department, my report will not only be based on the above, but also on quality service that can sustain patient care in line with the above objectives of my care organization, to that proposed in the vision of the new h ealth and care reform bill. Health and social care needs should be done together in order to ensure population health issues are addressed, such as the needs of unregistered patients and health inequalities. G.P commissioning boundaries should as far as possible, be aligned to the local authority boundaries to support the above. In addition to support clinical integration and patient-focused care, anyone providing or commissioning NHS Care should share relevant information with patients. The reforms should also allow the evolution of new approaches such as integrated care partnership. Under this approach, the commissioning function is slip between a strategic commissioner and budget- holding, not-for-profit integrated care partnerships. These integrated care partnerships might include GPS and a relevant health and social care specialist. Organizational performance Organizational performance is essential in order to deliver quality service that is value for money, (which depends on m any factors). There are internal factors and external factors to be considered. Internal factors are organizational culture, performance management, staffing level and finance. External factors that can affect quality service could be cuts, recession and commissioning. Being the new manager, I would propose greater performance requirements and accountability, which are found in every jurisdiction. In certain provinces in Canada for example, regional health systems are required to gather and analyze similar metrics and report them to the provincial government and to the public on a regular basis. In England, the Healthcare Commission monitors standards and efficiency, and publishes performance ratings for indicators such as wait times (Bradford & Burke, 2005). Over the last ten years, the NHS has made a lot of progress in delivering cancer services. Since 2007, we have seen improvements on the number of situation’s patients being treated as day cases. A massive increase in res ources has contributed to these improvements. It was through clear leadership and strong performance management that led us to these achievements. In July 2010, NHS white paper on equity and excellence proposed putting patients at the heart of everything the NHS does, and focusing on continuous improvement of the critical things in healthcare. However,

Market government organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Market government organization - Essay Example The three banks that have most offshore accounts are UBS, Credit Suisse and Goldman Sachs. While US, UK and Germany are doing a great deal to bring to line the rogue tax evaders, more effective policy change and stringent punishments must be enacted to promote transparency and prevent tax evasion. Transparency laws should become compulsory, especially for banks and make accessibility f data easy for everyone, including foreign agencies and individuals. Hence, banks and banking laws should come under the purview of international laws along with local laws. Indeed, the governments cannot take actions if they are bound by international laws and local laws of countries where the money is stashed. Access to information becomes a critical issue that can significantly discourage tax evasion. Stringent punishment would further deter the tax evaders as well as banks and help developing and under developed economies to make fast socio-economic

Interviw Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Interviw - Case Study Example In the course of discussing my findings, I will include a comparison to the characteristics of adult learning as presented in Merriam and Bierema’s (2014) Adult Learning: Linking Theory and Practice. The respondent in the interview is female. Her name is Mariam Aleide. She is 27 years old. This is consistent with Merriam and Bierema’s definition of an adult (2014, p.11), where they point out that an adult is one whose age, social roles and sense of self perception define them as such-as adults. Therefore, her identity as an adult, apart from her age, is also a factor of her having multiple roles in society Merriam and Beirema (2014, p.12). For example, Aleide points out that she is a wife, a mother, and has a job as a teacher, apart from being a student. This distinguishes her as an adult as per the standards set in the text. The economic aspect of Aleide’s life is not easy to decipher. However, given the number of activities she has been a part of, one may infer that she is in a position to afford the various types of education. One the other hand, she points out that her mother had to sponsor her in matters to do with her baby. This shows that there may be a bit of financial struggle. This is predicted by Merriam and Bierama’s work. The roles taken on by Aleide as a wife, mother and student all require some level of financial contribution. Technologically, Aleide is proficient in computer programs. She specifies that she has a basic understanding of Microsoft office programs. In their work, Merriam and Bierema (2014, p.5) point out that due to globalization, there has been a rising demand for proficiency in computer programs. As such, by gaining basic knowledge of Microsoft Office Packages, Aleide is on consistency with ideas of the text; she incorporates the knowledge and use of technology into her learning endeavors. This is reported to ease the learning process, especially since she is a student in a country that is highly

Module 3 Principles of Human Resources using Performance Appraisals Essay

Module 3 Principles of Human Resources using Performance Appraisals - Essay Example Appraisals also identify the below-par performers who then may be subjected to counseling or punitive action such as pay cuts, demotions or in the extreme case dismissal or decreases in pay. The necessity of performance appraisals is a debated issue. While on one hand a number of authors feel that it is one aspect of corporate organizations that creates significant hindrance to effective management of human resources (Derven, 1990), authors like Lawrie (1990) feel it to be indespensible and possibly one of the most crucial aspects of organizational management. The fundamental reason behind opinions spread over both ends of the spectrum is that these are based upon observations about successes and failures of appraisals in engendering warranted results. I believe that it is not the action of evaluating employees through appraisals but rather the manner in which these are administered that leads to such different results. The necessity of performance appraisals is intricately tied to the objectives and policies of the organization. For organizations that believe in generating employee loyalty and try and minimize employee turnovers performance appraisals can play a very important role. Further, appraisals offer the opportunity to focusing on activities and objectives, to locate and cure problems found to be existing, and thereby to provide encouragement for better performances in future. This, effectively done can thus improve the aggregative performance of the whole organization. The appraisals also embody the opportunity mutual recognition and agreement of individual training and development needs. Discussion of any workers performance can beyond argument establish lack or abundance of skills which otherwise in a generic voting situation or centralized meeting situation cannot become clear. So, performance appraisals can definitely establish the necessity of training as well as the

Writing a reflection based on persona poster i created Essay

Writing a reflection based on persona poster i created - Essay Example The use of social technologies however is not only limited in social media such as Facebook and Twitter. We also used it in doing business, doing transaction and research although we may not realize it that we were already using it before the class. For example, when we buy some goods online where there is a camera for us to check it, it is already a use of social media. Checking online for an internship or summer job is already the use of social technology. Of course the class taught concepts about user research. They are however too generalized and I cannot relate to all of them. There are some concepts that are alien to me such as explanation of the hardware used in social technology and there are others that I could very much relate to it such as the application of social technology in social media. But of course, who would not be able to relate to social media with people of my age when almost all of us are engrossed with it. So my understanding of user research is basically personal empowerment. User research provides me with most of the information to become functional and productive as well as to be nonproductive. I mentioned that user research provide me with the most information to become functional because it enables me to do the things that I need to do. For example, user research provides me information needed to complete school works right at the comfort of my home. I can access the library or other books online. I can eve n do transactions online without having to leave my home. This is consistent with my statement when I said that user research makes me productive. I can pay my bills, inquire information about the things that I need to know and even enroll myself in school online which would have taken a lot of time and effort without the facility of user research. Research could also serve as a distraction when I have to surf the net with useless things when I need to finish something such as checking my Facebook

Seminar Question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Seminar Question - Essay Example Simply put, if you promise that you will do something for another person and in return, that person agrees to pay you something, then you and that person have made a contract. A contract can be in verbal or written form but the most important thing is that there would be an agreement especially between two parties. Likewise, according to the labour laws of many countries, both the worker and the employee are bound by certain statutory regulations that would ensure that no party will breach the agreed contract. Indeed, when a person has decided to enter into an agreement with someone, both parties should have a common ground of understanding of the nature of the contract they would be agreeing upon so as to avoid conflict and misunderstanding in the future. Thus, the case involving Will Bearing can be attributed to as unfair dismissal or termination of contract as a result of foreseen circumstances that were meant to benefit the foreman but which he apparently refused to endorse as a driver. The foreman wanted Will Bearing to falsify a tachograph reading in the lorry which he was to drive but he refused which led to an altercation between the two leading to a fight. Unfortunately, the consequences led to Will’s dismissal without notice and he was denied any representation. Legally, he is entitled to be represented in such a situation under the terms of agreement in the contract. His dismissal is unfair as well as the allegations of subsequent discovery that Will had been pilfering with some of the loads which he carried. This could have been brought to his attention before his dismissal if that could have been the case. One thing that is disturbing and unfair in Will’s dismissal is that he has not been given the reason fo r instant termination of his contract and he stands better chances of winning his case in the court of law. In the event of a successful claim, Will stands better chances of being reinstated to his

Ethical hacking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Ethical hacking - Essay Example One learner might make an impression on the other or port-filter the other understudy and both people might record the effects. The learners reacted with a lot of energy. After a week there were assorted types of strike from outside sources and the scholars started to archive these and to track down the sources. Significant devices here were tcpdump and tethereal for information catch. We needed each learner to get mindful of the powerlessness of the framework doled out to her/him, and this happened. One commonsense issue was teaching the scholars to give documentation in such a route, to the point that catch documentation gained was not excessively voluminous and troublesome to review. We were, then again, unable to actualize the sum of our objectives and set three characteristics aside for consequent emphasess of the course: (1) giving mysql and ACID to help people examine the information caught, (2) having Snort sent email cautions in regards to specific sorts of endeavors, and (3 ) firewall setup utilizing iptables. The accomplishment of this methodology urged us to take a gander at applying this engineering to the educating of machine systems (Infs6230). Here we embraced a methodology concentrating on subjects: convention stacks, exemplification of information units, and directing disclosure. We needed our people to have the capacity to distinguish and comprehend information units at each level. Critical apparatuses again here were tcpdump and tethereal for information catch. We picked a dynamic scope of directing revelation, starting with the arp reserve and portion steering table (netstat –rn), and continuing through static steering, and element directing (RIP and OSPF, each one recreated by the Quagga suite), to a Cisco 2610 switch. The last venture of embodiment and directing knowledge was building tunnels utilizing Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE). The construction modeling (please see Figure 3.1. - Xen

Article review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 9

Review - Article Example Both the international comparative and German Cranfield surveys give a clear overview of the current human resource practices in German (Festing, 2012). German faces challenges such as recruitment due to a demographic change, which in addition to low unemployment rates led to inadequately qualified personnel. Hence, most major companies use active employer branding while smaller ones use selected employer branding practices with an aim of attracting candidates. German uses a formal selection of the workforce such as psychological or legal writing less often as compared to other countries. After a semistructured interview of applicants, the required number for the position are picked based on their curricula vitae (Festing, 2012). The elected body representing the interest of employees may be the cause of the lack of formal selection methods. The work council neglects the use of the devices. Although the German companies tend to show a consistency in the use of carefully local selection procedures based on work experience, educational training, and internship report. It clearly brings out the employment system in Germany (Festing, 2012). Most of the companies in German use extensive staff development and long-term career planning which include technical capability and functional proficiency as central values. It influences the retention of most employees resulting in a steady job security making dismissal very carefully. Because of the job security, the company wins most employees who work for many years. Regarding compensations, the amounts vary according to the individual monthly earnings. The wages and salaries of most of the German workers, however, results from tariff agreements from collective bargaining. In the international comparison of HR practices as per the Granfield network in 2011, most of financial participation and performance-related pay are frequently used in United States than in Germany. German mainly majors in the use

Monopoly Term Paper Essay Example for Free

Monopoly Term Paper Essay Monopoly is a market structure containing a single firm that produces a unique good with no close substitutes. It controls supply of a good or service. It is where the entry of new producers is prevented or highly restricted. According to the Business Dictionary, monopolist firms keep the price high and restrict the output, and show little or no responsiveness to the needs of their customers. Most governments try to control monopolies by imposing price controls, taking over their ownership (nationalization), or breaking them up into two or more competing firms. Monopolies exist in varying degrees (degrees (due to copyrights, patents, access to materials, exclusive technologies, or unfair trade practices) almost no firm has a complete monopoly in the era of globalization. So we can see the problem of monopoly is that it can set a higher price than marginal cost. The fact that a monopoly does not face the discipline of competition means that the monopoly may operate inefficiently without being corrected by the marketplace. An example for monopoly might be Comcast. If Comcast were the only cable television provider in your area. If you want cable, you have no choice but to go to Comcast. And because of this, they can charge any price they want. Other local electric power company, campus bookstore or local telephone service might be local monopolies as well. George J. Stigler, director of the Center for the Study of The Economy and the state, professor of economics at the University of Chicago states that a monopoly is free to set any price it chooses and will usually set the price that yields the largest possible profit. There are three problems that often associated with a market controlled totally by a single firm such as inefficiency, inequity and political abuse (AmosWEB Encyclonomic). Inefficiency is the most noted problem in monopoly. A monopoly charges a higher price and produces less output than perfect competition. Also, the price charged by the monopoly is always greater than the marginal cost of production. Income inequality is another problem of monopoly. Monopoly earns economic profit, consumer surplus is transferred from buyers to the monopoly. So buyers end up with less income, and the monopoly ends up with more. Monopoly is able to maintain single-seller status and market control, income continues to be transferred from buyers to the monopoly and to the monopoly resource owners.

Mandatory National Service Debate in the US

Mandatory National Service Debate in the US Many countries require all young adults to serve two or more years in the military as a way of providing security to their country and as a rite of passage as a citizen. The United States however does not. The closest thing to mandatory service is selective service, and until recently that only applied to male citizens age 18-25. The idea of mandatory service has gained momentum in the last few years and many lawmakers have proposed that the United States adopt this policy. Some are opposed to the idea of mandatory military service, and I agree deciding to risk your life in the defense of your country should be a personal choice, not an obligation. However, the Peace Corps, AmeriCorps, Habitat for Humanity, and Teach for America are all programs that supports our country, develops unity, and teaches young adults valuable work skills. The pre-amble to the constitution talks about the responsibility we have as citizens to establish justice, provide for common defense, and promote gener al welfare, and We the People means everyone equally. Most will agree that democracy only works when citizens are involved and unified with a common purpose. John F. Kennedy once said, ask not what your country can do for you-ask what you can do for your country (Kennedy). Unity starts with equality and equality starts with mandatory national service. It is a simple idea; one or two years of national service should become a countrywide requirement for all young adults as way to build unity, develop a sense of identity and provide a valuable service to their community. Most people can agree that America is more divided than ever; we lack unity and commitment to our democracy. The only way we can effectively unify and regain our sense of community is through mandatory national service. Wars unfortunately bind people together, build a sense of community and provides a common purpose, Veterans of any war share a common experience, the intensity of which creates strong and enduring relationships (Grigsby). However, war is not what binds these people together, it is the sense of service to their nation, community, each other and the greater good. Much like the military, programs like the Peace Corp and AmeriCorps show signs of creating loyalty and unity among participants. These programs bring together people of different races and backgrounds to solve complex problems that face their communities and if not for this program, their paths may have never crossed, Service creates an opportunity to work on problems of public concern and participate in the lives of others whose paths one might otherwise never cross in a structured and supportive environment (Frumkin and Miller). In addition, it garners respect and empathy for others, Some evidence exists to suggest that full-time AmeriCorps members acquire valuable civic attributes, such as cultivating respect for others (Reingold and Lenkowsky). Many great people have said, there is no greater honor than service to your country, and commitment to a cause greater than yourself. Some argue that Americans should not have to earn their citizenship through mandatory service and is a violates their freedoms or a form of slavery; even if they choose how they serve. Many leverage the 13th amendment in opposition to mandatory national service, which states, Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted shall exist in the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction (Pauwels).ÂÂ   I agree that our constitution affords us this right, and many other rights; the right to free speech, freedom of religion and the right to pursue life, liberty, and happiness. However, I feel that with these rights comes responsibility. The responsibility of all citizens to support and defend our constitution, be active in our communities and be involved in the democratic process. Today two things represent citizenship in America, voting and paying taxes. A government of the people, for the peopl e and by the people certainly implies more commitment. Others believe that mandatory service delays education and work opportunities. However, I contend that national service provides both. Many of the programs available provide current volunteers with opportunities to learn valuable life and work skills that will only enhance their education and growth, One benefit of national service it thus thought to reside in its ability to open up the minds of young people to the full range of life choices available to them. While they may think, they are working for others, they may end up learning about themselves (Frumkin and Miller). There is no greater life experience than witnessing and understanding the struggle of others. Regardless of our position on mandatory national service, I think we can agree that it is vital to maintaining unity, equality, and our democracy. Mandatory national service ensures We the People are involved in protecting the freedoms we enjoy as Americans. In addition, the life skills, and the opportunity for young people to see issues from a different perspective only enhances the long-term education of our youth. I will agree, there are some issues with mandated national service, like mandated military service. As I stated before, the decision to risk your life for your country should be a choice one makes, not an obligation. However, believe that all Americans should be required to serve at least one or two years in other programs that support our country and protects our democracy. References Frumkin, Peter and Brendan Miller. Visions of National Service. Society 45.5 (2008): 436-443. ProQuest. Web. 20 Dec 2016. Frumkin and Miller discuss how national service has alternatively been a way to promote an active and engaged citizenship, accelerate personal growth, social capital and meet critical social needs. Grigsby, Carol A. Binding the Nation: National Service in America. Parameters 38.4 (2008): 109-123. ProQuest. Web. 14 Dec 2016. Grigsby discusses how soldiers have a connection to each other because of war, a life-long bond because they have seen and experienced the same thing. Kennedy, John F. Inagrual Address. 1961. Web. 22 Dec 2016. . Kennedys inaugural address discusses issues that face all Americans regardless of party, and how we only succeed if we work together. Pauwels, Andrew M. Mandatory National Service: Creating Generations of Civic Minded Citizens. Notre Dame Law Review 88.5 (2013). ProQuest. Web. 20 Dec 2016. Pauwels discusses the legality of mandatory service and articles of the constitution that specifically address involuntary servitude. Reingold, David A. and Leslie Lenkowsky. The Future of National Service. Public Administration Review 70.S1 (2010): S114-S121. ProQuest. Web. 20 Dec 2016. Reingold discusses the pros and cons of national service and leverages several studies to show the benefits and issues with AmeriCorps.

Leadership Models and Competency Frameworks

Leadership Models and Competency Frameworks This assignment mainly focus on a review of leadership theory and competency frameworks based on the debate leaders are born not made.after that I have tried to relate these argument with Leadership Models and Competency Frameworks, which are currently being used in organisations. These all things will help to understand that in which qualities required of people in leadership positions and will help to improve the leadership development process. Also some private sector, some public sector are discussed and web links to the full models included where available. Introduction: Are leaders born or made? this is a long debatable question from long times ago that whether leaders are born or made. But many researchers trying to find out this question answer for decades. The decades are going on and now we know the answer. Finally it has decided that leaders are sort of born and theyre always made. Early theories mainly focused on the difference between leaders and followers but theories in now-a-days are focused on situational factors and leadership skills. Now I am going to discuss this topic through eight leadership theories, models and leadership frameworks and with comparing and contrasting the theories in below: 1. Great man theories: This theory assume that leadership capacity is inherent -and it also assume that great leaders are born, not made. These theories assume that these leaders have come when the country has needed to them. So its totally destined to leadership when needed. These theories also portray leaders as heroic, mythical. And most leaders were male in this theory. For example: Gandhi, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, Eisenhower, Churchill were great leader. 2. Trait Theories: Like Great Man theories, trait theories assume that people will have inherited main qualities and traits that will help them to do their lead. It assumes that leaders must have to follow some particular behaviour which will help them to be a great leader.This theories also assume that people are born with inherited traits. Stogdill (1974) identified the following traits and skills as critical to leaders. Traits: Adaptable to situations Conceptually skilled Creative Diplomatic and tactful Fluent in speaking Knowledgeable about group task Organised (administrative ability) Persuasive Socially skilled Skills: Alert to social environment Ambitious and achievement-orientated Assertive Cooperative Decisive Dependable Dominant (desire to influence others) Energetic (high activity level) Persistent Self-confident Tolerant of stress Willing to assume responsibility Behavioral Theories: Behavioural theories assume that great leaders are made, not born. According to this theory, that great leaders are made, not born and through teaching and observation people can learn to become leaders. Furthermore, they follow that what leaders actually do. Contingency Theories: Contingency theories of leadership mainly based on some special variable which actually find out that particular style of leadership will be fitted for the environment of organization. This theory assume that there is no best leadership style which will be fitted in all situation.. Participative leadership: Organization will be developed when people are more committed to their relevant action and this action will happen on that time when company will involve all employees with their relevant goals and decision. People are less competitive and more collaborative when they are working on joint goals. When all people in company take decision together , the social commitment become higher and their commitment to decision will increase. Situational theories: Situational theories are best for taking certain types of decision making and here leaders choose their best course of action based on many situational variables . Transactional Leadership:    It assumes that people are motivated by reward and punishment. Here total system activated by a clear chain of command. It means people will agree to do a job and authority will be given by a manager. Here subordinate will do their job to get a decision of manager, they are fully responsible for that job. In case of any failure subordinate will get punishment. . Transformational Leadership : It assumes that people will follow a person who inspires them. Here a leader must have a vision and passion to achieve great thing and he or she must have to work hard through enthusiasm and full energy. Now I m going to comparing and contrasting those above theory in briefly: Great Man Theories Here leaders are exceptional people, born with innate qualities, destined to lead. Trait Theories It describes about leaders qualities Behaviourist Theories These assume that what leaders actually do rather than on their qualities. Here different patterns of behaviour are observed and categorised as styles of leadership. Situational Leadership This is an approach where leadership is very specific to the situation. It also assumes that different required leadership styles may be required in different levels in the same organization. Contingency Theory This theory find out the situational variable which best predict that which leadership style will be followed. Transactional Theory This theory mainly focuses on the relation ship between leaders and followers and here leader give the reward based on loyalty of the followers. Transformational Theory Here main concept is change and envisioning and implementing is a main thing to get better performance. LEADERSHIP MODELS AND COMPETENCY FRAMEWORKS : In his section I m going to explain about different leadership models and frameworks which is used in practice across the public and private sector organisations. Private sector frameworks: BAE performance centered leadership: For improving the business, Performance Centred Leadership competencies provide a set of related behaviours. Thats why they have been developed from 360 degree feedback information, benchmarked against the competencies of high performing organisations, each with related behaviours there are five core competences. Try to achieve High Performance à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Secondly, focusing on the Customer à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Thirdly, developing Others à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢fourth, Continuously Improving à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Lastly, Working Together FEDERAL EXPRESS LEADERSHIP QUALITIES : They mainly follow a system where they have selected 9 attributes for rating motivated leaders: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Appeal or allure à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ personal consideration à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Intellectual incentive à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Determination or braveness à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Constancy à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Flexibilty à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ candour or honest ness à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Apprehension à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Respect for others Lufthansa Leadership Compass Lufthansa school of business is following a framework for their leadership development education which is made by Lufthansa leadership compass. It includes the following six key categories, which set out a range of skills and behaviours including: perception, determination, concern for people, self-reflection and professional know-how: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Firstly, Entrepreneurial leadership à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Secondly, problem solving ability à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Thirdly, Win to others à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fourth, Lead to people à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fifth, Attitude and drive à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Lastly, International business competencies Philips Leadership Competencies Philips has set some leadership competencies which will define the behaviour for achieving the business success. There are Six Leadership Competencies they has set out. These competencies are as follows: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Firstly, leader needs to Show determination to achieve excellent results à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Secondly, they need to focuses on the market à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Thirdly, need to find better ways à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fourthly, focus on top performance à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ motivating commitment à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Develops self and others For more information please visit: http://ad.chinahr.com/jobads/philips/leadership.asp Shell Leadership Framework: Shell has also used the Leadership Framework and it includes nine elements as indicated below used by Shell includes nine key elements as indicated below: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ They need to build shared vision à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Focusing on customer à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Increases business Opportunities à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Indicate professional mastery à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Shows individual effectiveness à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ show courage à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Motivating, Coaching Developing à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Need to give value differences à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Produce the Results Vodafone Global Leadership Competencies: The Global Leadership Programme of Vodafone are underlying by Vodafone leadership competencies. Those are divided into five categories: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Firstly, Value the communication à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Secondly, develops the International team à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Make Strategic vision à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Need to increase organisational capability à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ drives commercially For the full framework please visit: www.glp.vodafone.com/global.htm Public industry Framework: Senior Civil Service Ability Framework: Civil Service Corporate Management has recognized few certain characteristics what is essential for the Senior Civil Service (SCS). They have established six types of competencies those are associated with behaviours. The competencies are: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Providing goal and correct way to resolve à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Building an distinct impact à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Working towards creative strategy à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Inspiring the employees to develop best outcome à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Study and progress à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Emphasis on responding For more information please visit: http://www.cabinet-office.gov.uk/civilservice/scs/competences.htm Scottish Executive Framework Scottish parliament recognizes seven types of standards and to clarify this, they recommend what leaders should do and how to do. They also mentioned when the leaders need to learn more to work effectively. The leadership characteristics of the framework are as follows: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Realising à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Self-organization à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Examination and exploration à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ External attention à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Communication à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Handling people à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Team building Management Education Training Organisation (METO) management Standards METO has developed seven key roles for leadership, which are given: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Organizing Events à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Organizing Assets à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Organizing Employees à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Organizing Statistics à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Organizing Spirit of the company à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Organizing Excellence à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Organizing Plans Institute of Chartered Management Chartered Management Skills Chartered Manager Candidates need to demonstrate (and provide evidence of) learning, development and impact in the workplace against two of these six categories. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Leading People à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Meeting Customer Needs à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Managing Change à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Managing Information and Knowledge à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Managing Activities and Resources à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Managing yourself A SELECTION OF LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVES NHS Chief Executives Programmes The NHS manage a wide range of programmes through their Leadership Centre, including a suite of programmes for Chief Executives. These comprise a number of initiatives based upon the NHS Leadership Qualities Framework, including: National and International Learning Experiences: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Development Assignments (Lancaster University Management School) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Transformational Thinking (Manchester University) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Study Tour to Canada (Kings Fund) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Duality Leadership Programme (University of Birmingham) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Action Learning Sets (Nelson and Pedler) Modular Programmes: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Experienced Chief Executives Development Programme (Kings Fund and Lancaster University Management School) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Drive for Results (Manchester University) Of interest here, is the range of learning opportunities being offered, from action learning sets, study tours and exchanges to modular programmes. The participants are free to choose their preferred modes of learning yet the thinking behind the programme implies that each will contribute towards developing qualities from the Leadership Qualities Framework. For further information please visit: http://www.nhs-leaders.org NCSL Leadership Development Framework The National College for School Leadership is one of the leading organisations in relation to their awareness of the importance of distributed leadership. Recent years have seen an increasing move from the competency-based approach of the Hay McBer Model to the development of a Leadership Development Framework. The outcomes of a Think Tank report lead to 10 propositions about school leadership. School leadership must: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ be purposeful, inclusive and values driven à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ embrace the distinctive and inclusive context of the school à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ promote an active view of learning à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ be instructionally focused à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ be a function that is distributed throughout the school community à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ build capacity by developing the school as a learning community à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ be futures oriented and strategically driven à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ be developed through experiential and innovative methodologies à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ be served by a support and policy context that is coherent and implementation driven à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ be supported by a National College that leads the discourse around leadership for learning Personal Characteristics of Effective Leaders   Personality Early research on leadership sought to identify a list of personal characteristics that set effective leaders apart from other people. No single list has been found to hold true for every leader in every context. As a result leadership research moved on in a different direction focusing instead on what effective leaders do. For decades traits were largely ignored. However, despite lacking 100% generalisability, contemporary leadership scholars have recognised that personal characteristics are important to effective leadership particularly intelligence and aspects of personality such as dominance, extraversion, sociability, self-confidence, high levels of energy and resilience[8]. The concept of intelligence is expanded upon further in the next section, and a more comprehensive list of personality traits associated with effective leadership is shown below:      For those seriously interested in developing leadership, it is important to appreciate the impact of personality. Greek philosopher, Aristotle once said that we are the sum of our behaviours; excellence therefore is not an act but a habit. Personality is a key driver of our day-to-day habitual behaviours and as such can help or hinder our leadership effectiveness. Leaders should: Be aware of how their personality helps and hinders their leadership effectiveness, then Find leadership positions where their strengths are called for, then Offset their weaknesses through a combination of tapping others strengths and their own development    Intelligence Effective leaders typically have higher than average levels of intelligence specifically reasoning and memory. During World War I, the armed forces used IQ tests to select potential officers and they continue to be used as a recruitment tool in many contemporary organisations such as Microsoft. A high IQ does not make you an effective leader. Be accurately aware of themselves their emotions, tendencies, strengths and weaknesses. Use emotions to enhance thinking and decision-making. Consciously regulate emotions and moods in intelligent ways. It has been claimed that emotional intelligence is a better predictor of leadership success than IQ. More recently social intelligence, previously considered a sub-part of emotional intelligence, has been shown to be the single largest factor impacting on leadership effectiveness.   Conclusion: Leaders are Sort of Born It seems like theres only one thing that a person needs to actually be born with in order to be a leader later in life. Thats intelligence. A leader needs to be smart enough. Effective leaders arent necessarily the smartest people in the room or the company or even on the team. But they have to be smart enough to do the job theyre assigned. Whats more important is what kind of person the potential leader is when he or she becomes an adult. The person who emerges from adolescence into young adulthood has the psychological and character traits theyll demonstrate for the rest of their life. Some of those matter for leadership. By the time a person becomes an adult we can tell if they can help other people achieve results. That, after all, is what we expect leaders to do. We expect them to achieve success through a group. We expect them to help their subordinates grow and develop. By the time a person becomes an adult, we can tell if they want to achieve objectives or if they just want to go along and take it easy. We expect leaders to be responsible for achieving results. You can have a marvelous life without a results focus, but if youre going to lead successfully you have to have the drive and willingness to be measured by the results of your leadership. By the time a person becomes an adult, we can tell if they are willing to make decisions or not. Lots of people wake up every day and let the world happen to them. But leaders must be able and willing to make decisions that affect themselves and others. By the time a person becomes an adult we can tell if they have the basic qualities that we expect leaders to have. We can determine if theyre smart enough to do the job. We can tell if they are willing to help others to achieve results as a group. And we can tell if they will make decisions. Those things are essential. People who have them can learn the multiple skills it takes for them to become effective leaders. No matter how they measure up on the key essentials, no one emerges from the womb or from adolescence with all the skills in place to be an effective leader. Everybody has to learn the job. Thats why leaders are always made.

Part of the Neuron Affected, Inhibitory or Excitatory Potential Changes

Part of the Neuron Affected, Inhibitory or Excitatory Potential Changes and Ion Channels Affected by Psilocybin Psilocybin belongs to the classification of drugs called hallucinogens. Hallucinogens typically act by stimulating serotonin receptors at different times or for longer durations than serotonin itself would (Kalat 2004). When psilocybin enters the brain, the enzyme alkaline breaks down one of its phosphate groups through hydrolysis. It then becomes psilocin, an even stronger hallucinogen (Psilocybin 2003). It is particularly potent due to the position of its hydroxyl group (Jacobs 1984). Psilocin is a postsynaptic serotonin receptor agonist. In other words, its similar structure allows it to mimic serotonin, fitting into some types of serotonin receptors and producing the same effect as endogenous serotonin (Merriam Webster 2003). Specifically, psilocin activates the 5HT2A and 5HT1A receptors. Stimulation of 5HT1 receptors is associated with an inhibitory response while stimulation of the 5HT2 receptors is associated with an excitatory response. Soma of the serotonergic neurons are located in the midline raphe nuclei of the pons and in the medulla oblongata. Axons extend to the basal ganglia, hypothalamus, limbic forebrain, parts of the cerebral cortex, and to the spinal cord (Kruk and Pycock 1979). Functions believed to be moderated by serotonin include sleep, mood, arousal, control of motor activity, hunger, thermoregulation, and some neuroendocrine control mechanisms in the hypothalamus. (Powell 2004, Kruk and Pycock 1979). One theory states that effects caused by psilocin result from stimulation of receptors in the raphe nuclei. According to this theory, the... ...ocal Net Common Molecule. (2003) Reciprocal Net Site Network. http://www.reciprocalnet.org/recipnet/showsample.jsp?sampleId=27 344568 Rabin, Richard A., Regina, Meridith, and Doat, Mirielle J.C. 5- HT2A Receptor-stimulated Phosphoinositide Hydrolysis in the Stimulus Effects of Hallucinogens. (2001) Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior. Volume 72, 2002. (pp 29-37) Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY. Vollenweider, Franz X, M.D., Vontobel, Peter, PhD., Hell, Daniel, M.D., and Leenders, Klaus, M.D. (1998) 5HT Modulation of Dopamine Release in Basal Ganglia in Psilocybin Induced Psychosis in Man: A PET Study with [11C]raclopride. Neuropsychopharmacology 1999, Volume 20, Number 5. (pp 424-431) New York, New York: Elsevier Science Inc.

Suffering and Injustice in the Opening Chapters of Charlotte Brontë’s J

Suffering and Injustice in the Opening Chapters of Charlotte Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s Jane Eyre At the time the novel Jane Eyre was written, it was very difficult for women writers to have their books published. Charlotte Brontà « was very aware of the problem, and cleverly changed her name to Currer Bell so the book would be accepted. Luckily for Charlotte, her novel Jane Eyre was published in October 1847, and since writing this novel, Charlotte Brontà « has become very popular, and a classic author. The Victorian era was a time of great social division between the rich and the poor, and this is shown in the novel by the description of certain characters for example Bessie – the poorer class, and Mrs. Reed – the richer class. The poorer classes and working classes were made to work in very dangerous conditions and were paid very little. In contrast, many of the upper classes did not have to work, and some of them employed the poor to work for them. Many of the poorer families lived cramped together in very small houses, where as the rich lived in huge, very comfortable homes. This background of injustice is made clear in the book, as Charlotte Brontà « wanted to highlight what life was like for Jane Eyre, the Reed family and servants like her character Bessie who worked in the wealthy house in Victorian times. Charlotte Brontà «n seems as though she feels quite strongly about these issues - both of Charlotte’s elder sisters died in 1825 in circumstances that have great importance for the story Jane Eyre - and is trying to convey to the readers of her book the many injustices and extremes in Victorian society. Charlotte Brontà « wrote the book Jane Eyre in first person narrative so we can feel Jane’s outmost thoughts, opinion... ...e character of Jane Eyre, and if she had been the slightest bit different I would not have this opinion of her. At parts she has made me laugh, and other parts brought a tear to my eye. I feel for her, as she does not have any family, and because of this has suffered greatly. From the way Charlotte has evoked Jane’s feelings, the reader is able to understand what it is like, and the emotions you feel. Jane Eyre is a very determined ten-year-old girl with a great personality, and Charlotte Brontà « could not have used a better character on which to base the novel. She is definitely my favourite character in the book, mainly because of her determination and pride. The book of Jane Eyre has many life changing decisions, and I have sometimes wondered if it was me that had to make those choices, whether they would have been as successful as they were for Jane.

Internet Addiction and Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Essay

The world as we know it has begun to turn into one of modern technology and reliance on modern technology. The coming generations will grow up with even more technology surrounding them in addition to mp3s, cell phones, computers, convenience machines, and the internet. The internet is always expanding and encompassing more as time passes on. From its’ development to today, the internet is used for more than information gathering, such as playing video games, games, socializing via chatting, Skype, social networking sites, watching movies, and more. With so much to do on the internet, it can become time consuming and even become addictive to some, leading to excessive overuse or addiction. Internet addiction behaviors include â€Å"us[ing] the internet for extended periods, isolating themselves from other forms of social contact, and focus almost entirely on the internet rather than broader life events† (Weinstein 2010, p. 277). Therefore, moderating your intern et use time and early treatment of excessive internet use or internet addiction would reduce the risks of further consequences such as attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Internet addiction is a term I had only heard of recently and the association between this topic and ADHD is even more new to me. We rely on the internet to communicate and keep track of everything happening around the world, with friends and family, work, etc. In the beginning, the internet was used for information gathering, storing, and passing on and used by the government and military with limited access and/or use by civilians. However, the internet is more easily accessible these days and we have become highly dependent on it to get through the day. With the amount of activities we... ...37-943. Marks, I. (1990). Behavioural (non-chemical) addictions. British Journal of Addictions 85, 1389-1394. McGough, J. J., & Barkley, R. A. (2004). Diagnostic controversies in Adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry, 161(11), 1948-1956. Weinstein, A., Lejoyeux, M. (2010). Internet addiction or excessive internet use. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 36, 277-283. Yen, J., Yen, C., Chen, C., Tang, T., & Ko, C. (2009). The association between adult adhd symptoms and internet addiction among college students: The gender difference. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 12(2), 187-191. Yoo, H. J., Cho, S. C., Ha, J., Yune, S. K., Kim, S. J., Hwang, J., Chung, A., Sung, H. S., Lyoo, I. K. (2004). Attention deficit hyperactivity symptoms and internet addiction. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 58, 487-494. Internet Addiction and Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Essay The world as we know it has begun to turn into one of modern technology and reliance on modern technology. The coming generations will grow up with even more technology surrounding them in addition to mp3s, cell phones, computers, convenience machines, and the internet. The internet is always expanding and encompassing more as time passes on. From its’ development to today, the internet is used for more than information gathering, such as playing video games, games, socializing via chatting, Skype, social networking sites, watching movies, and more. With so much to do on the internet, it can become time consuming and even become addictive to some, leading to excessive overuse or addiction. Internet addiction behaviors include â€Å"us[ing] the internet for extended periods, isolating themselves from other forms of social contact, and focus almost entirely on the internet rather than broader life events† (Weinstein 2010, p. 277). Therefore, moderating your intern et use time and early treatment of excessive internet use or internet addiction would reduce the risks of further consequences such as attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Internet addiction is a term I had only heard of recently and the association between this topic and ADHD is even more new to me. We rely on the internet to communicate and keep track of everything happening around the world, with friends and family, work, etc. In the beginning, the internet was used for information gathering, storing, and passing on and used by the government and military with limited access and/or use by civilians. However, the internet is more easily accessible these days and we have become highly dependent on it to get through the day. With the amount of activities we... ...37-943. Marks, I. (1990). Behavioural (non-chemical) addictions. British Journal of Addictions 85, 1389-1394. McGough, J. J., & Barkley, R. A. (2004). Diagnostic controversies in Adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry, 161(11), 1948-1956. Weinstein, A., Lejoyeux, M. (2010). Internet addiction or excessive internet use. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 36, 277-283. Yen, J., Yen, C., Chen, C., Tang, T., & Ko, C. (2009). The association between adult adhd symptoms and internet addiction among college students: The gender difference. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 12(2), 187-191. Yoo, H. J., Cho, S. C., Ha, J., Yune, S. K., Kim, S. J., Hwang, J., Chung, A., Sung, H. S., Lyoo, I. K. (2004). Attention deficit hyperactivity symptoms and internet addiction. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 58, 487-494.