Fresh Direct Business Intelligence

Case Summary FreshDirect is the largest online grocery firm in the New York market, and one of the largest in the country. With more than 250,000 customers ordering over 8,500 products every day, the company faced severe logistics and management decision making issues. To solve these issues, FreshDirect adopted a comprehensive enterprise data base system from SAP which utilized a number of business intelligence applications to track orders and customers. SAP AG is a German  multinational  software  corporation that makes  enterprise software  to manage business operations and customer relations.Headquartered in  Walldorf, Baden-Wurttemberg, with regional offices around the world, SAP is the market leader in enterprise application software. The company's best-known software products are its enterprise resource planning application (SAP ERP), its enterprise data warehouse solution – SAP Business Warehouse (SAP BW), SAP BusinessObjects software, and most recently, Syb ase mobile products and in-memory computing appliance  SAP HANA. SAP is one of the  largest software companies  in the world. 1.How is it possible, as Braddock noted, to have a great deal of data but little information? How does the SAP data base and business intelligence component change this? Answer: ‘To have a great deal of data but little information’ is only possible when there is a lot of data but none of it is sorted or organized properly. If we distinguish between ‘data’ and ‘information then we’ll see that; Data is raw, unorganized facts that need to be processed. Data can be something simple and seemingly random and useless until it is organized.Whereas when data is processed, organized, structured  or presented in a given context so as to make it useful, it is called Information. FreshDirect has to deal with thousands of customers, their order, delivery time and place and the required human resource for the business to run. B ut this required huge amount of data collection in a very organized way, which they lacked. While the end goal was to deliver fresh food to thousands of customers everyday on schedule, the exact location of orders at any moment was not understood, or who was in charge of them.Mistakes were happening routinely, but there was no record of how orders were moving through the logistics chain. Mr. Braddock knew that FreshDirect needed a system of continuous feedback, a real-time database that would follow every step and misstep of each business day, so that minor gaffes could be resolved before they turned into big problems. SAP ERP  is the corporation's  Enterprise Resource Planning, an integrated software solution that incorporates the key business functions of the organization.Enterprise resource planning  (ERP) systems integrate internal and external  management information  across an entire organization, embracing  finance/accounting,  manufacturing, sales and service,à ‚  customer relationship management, etc. ERP systems automate this activity with an integrated  software  application. The purpose of ERP is to facilitate the flow of information between all business functions inside the boundaries of the organization and manage the connections to outside stakeholders.Today, if a truck goes out 15 minutes late or if a container of jalapeno hummus is left off an order, the problem can be traced to its source. Also, the real-time data reports allow FreshDirect to shift its resources to areas of customer demand, beefing up capacity based on the popularity of delivery zones and time slots, anticipating which products might sell out and stocking up on them in advance. Thus by using SAP’s business intelligence software ERP FreshDirect changed their weakness into strength. . What is meant by â€Å"visibility into the workflow† and why is it important to FreshDirect’s success? What are exception screens and how are they used? Answe r: Business process is the set of activities that run the business. Business process visibility allows end users to gather business information to improve non-IT related issues, helps enable fast determination to see if business issues are truly IT-related, ensures that IT is aligned with the business and helps improve overall business efficiency.Business process visibility plays very important role in FreshDirect’s success. It is such type of business organization which required highly efficient workflow with rapid response ensuring best quality. It has to deliver fresh food to thousands of customers daily on a pre-fixed schedule and in different location. As there was no visibility of workflow before lots of mistakes were happening, the exact location of orders at any moment was not understood, or who was in charge of them.Mistakes were happening routinely, but there was no record of how orders were moving through the logistics chain. But after installing a business intelli gence software FreshDirect ensured its visibility in business process. FreshDirect was profitable for the first time in 2008. The key to profitability has been improving their execution of the initial concept. In recent years, they have introduced the following â€Å"customer centric† ideas: 1 Produce: Employed experts to rate the freshness of all produce and set prices accordingly.This reduces customer concerns about not being able to feel the product. 2 Packaging: Eliminated the use of foam, and reduced the number of cardboard boxes by 1. 5 million in response to customer complaints. 3 Favorites: Developed a customer relationship management system that tracks each customer’s past purchases, and presents them on-screen for re-ordering. Increased order size by 10%. 4 Recommender system: Added a YMAL (You-Might-Also-Like) cross-selling tool, which recommends products that other customers purchased. Added 5% to total revenue.Now in control of its logistics, and with powe rful business intelligence tools, FreshDirect increased customer loyalty and reduced its churn rate (the number of customers who leave the service). Currently, 65% of its total customer base are repeat, loyal customers, whose average order size is over $100, and who contribute 80% of FreshDirect revenues. According to a recent SEC filing, in 2011 FreshDirect has raised $50 million in additional equity from outside investors. FreshDirect now has almost 2,000 employees, 250,000 customers, and has delivered more than 6,000,000 orders.

Promote equality and inclusion in health, social care Essay

1.Explain what is meant by- Diversity Diversity can be defined as differences in mental capabilities, personal appearance, race, heritage, beliefs etc. Understanding that everyone is an individual and everyone has different needs.In the care setting i work in, clients have their own personal experiences and preferences, e.g food and activities, different attitudes, behaviour patterns. for e.g to staff: beliefs, race and intellectual ability. These differences make up diversity. see more:inclusion definition in health and social care Equality Equality is ensuring that everybody is treated fairly, equally and as an individual specific to their own needs. Inclusion Inclusion is to make an individual feel included, to feel valued and respected irrespective of their race, gender, personal appearance, sexual orientation etc. In my job role this is about making staff, clients and relatives/visitors feel welcome, valued and respected regardless of their differences. Helping them to feel part of the home and be given the opportunity to be included in all services, facilities, care and support available. 2.Describe the potential effects of discrimination- The potential effects of discrimination can be different for different people. The effects can be physical, emotional or a combination of both. Some potential effects are- Having a loss of trust in services Inflict- taking legal action, seeking advice, prosecution Wider Society- to be discriminated against at work or finding work Feeling ‘Let down’ Weight loss/gain Low self esteem Depression Self harm Humiliation Anger Fear Loss of motivation Increased behaviour problems Difficulty communicating Feeling isolated 3.Explain how inclusive practice promotes equality and supports diversity Inclusive practice promotes a person’s right to access to equal opportunities. By ensuring that this happens promotes diversity. Inclusion refers to providing the opportunity to be included the use of all services and facilities available. Care workers who understand the needs of a  4222-303  patient regardless of their diverse nature and background, valuing the beliefs of others and keeping an accepting perception will aid in the promotion of equality. Be able to work in an inclusive way 1. Explain how legislation and codes of practice relating to equality, diversity and discrimination apply to own work role In my work place we have policies and procedures on equality, diversity, inclusion and discrimination. These are rights that do not have the force of law, but which are enforceable within social care and designed to improve the quality of services that people receive. Each country of the UK has a  body that is responsible for inspecting all social care facilities to make sure that they are complying with national minimum standards. The Care Quality Commision (CQC) essential standards of quality and safety The Human Rights Act 1998 The Equality Act 2010 The Care Standards Act 2008 Health and Safety at work Act Health and Care Professions Council (HCPC) for Social care workers Be able to promote diversity, equality and inclusion 3. Describe how to challenge discrimination in a way that promotes change The way that you would challenge discrimination in general is to discuss the reasons why certain practises are in place with your supervisor or with other staff who are working under you. Provide evidence e.g daily evaluation care plans to demonstrate how changes can be made which help prevent discriminatory practise. If you observe discrimination then you might organise a team meeting or training session where you demonstrate examples of discrimination and show staff ways that they can change their work to prevent this.

Testing of Hardened Concrete

Part B: Testing of hardened concrete 1. Objectives: The objective of the hardened concrete test was to determine the compressive and indirect tensile strength. On the other hand, this experiment was also used to examine the effect of curing condition on strength of concrete, the influence of specimen shape on compressive strength, the effect of compaction on compressive strength and this experiment was also to examine the effect of increasing water to cement ratio on compressive and in direct tensile strengths of concrete. 2. Procedure (Refer AS1012 for full details) 2. 1 Compressive Strength In this test, standard cylinders and cubes will be subjected to uniaxial compressive loading and the load will be applied gradually at a standard stress rate of 15MPa/min. , up to failure. The maximum applied load is recorded for the determination of the compressive strength. * When testing a cylinder, a hard- rubber cap is needed to achieve uniform loading. * When testing a cube the load is app lied to cast surface and no capping is needed. * Compressive strength of concrete [fc] (MPa) = Maximum Load [P] (N) / Load bearing area [A] (mm2) Load bearing area for cylinder = ? (r^2), where r is the radius of the cylinder Load bearing area for cube = d x d, where d is the cube size 2. 2 In-direct tensile strength (AS 1012:10) In this test, a standard cylinder is subjected to a compressive loading along its length and the cylinder splits in indirect-tension along the diagonal, due to the induced tension (Poisson's effect). It is necessary to use bearing strips between the concrete and the testing machine platens to avoid local crushing. In-direct tensile strength [fst] (MPa) is calculated using the following expression: (MPa) = 2000 x Maximum load P (kN) / ? l (mm) x d (mm) Where d and l are the diameter and length of the cylinder in mm. Testing procedure * Fix the compressometer centrally around the 100mm diameter cylinder. Carefully center the specimen in the testing machine. * Three times gradually load the specimen (15+2 MPa/minutes) to the test load level (40% of the cylinder strength) and unload it. Records need not to be kept during first loading Record the following: 1. Applied load when the deformation is such that the specimen is subjected to a longitudinal strain of 50 microstrain 2. Deformation attained at test load. 3.From these results the following are to be determined: 4. 1 = applied stress at the strain of 50 microstrain 5. 2 = applied stress corresponds to the test load 6. 3 = strain at test load 3. Test Result 3. 1 Compressive Strength – Cylinders (Water cured for 28 days) Specimen No. | Diameter| Height| Weight| Max. Load| cylinder strength (Mpa)| average cylinder strength (Mpa)|   | (mm)| (mm)| (g)| (kN)|   |   | A1. 1| 100. 1| 200| 4138| 569| 72. 3| 71. 6| A1. 2| 100. 1| 200| 4109| 555| 70. 5| | A1. 3| 100. 0| 200| 4125| 566| 72. 1| | B1. 1| 100. 3| 202| 4050| 490| 62. 0| 60. 5| B1. 2| 100. 2| 200| 4025| 463| 58. | | B1. 3 | 100. 1| 200| 4018| 478| 60. 7| | C1. 1| 100. 4| 203| 3995| 345| 43. 6| 45. 5| C1. 2| 99. 7| 204| 3981| 366| 46. 9| | C1. 3| 100. 4| 202| 3978| 365| 46. 1| | D1. 1| 100. 2| 198| 3842| 286| 36. 3| 36. 5| D1. 2| 100. 3| 202| 3833| 277| 35. 1| | D1. 3| 99. 9| 201| 3865| 299| 38. 1| | Table1. Compressive Strength – Cylinders (Water cured for 28 days) Observation: 3. 2 Compressive Strength – Cylinders (Air stored for 28 days) Specimen No. | Diameter| Height| Weight| Max. Load| cylinder strength (Mpa)| average cylinder strength (Mpa)| | (mm)| (mm)| (g)| (kN)| | | A1. 4| 100. 2| 201| 3946| 373| 47. 3| 48. | A1. 5| 100. 2| 200| 3947| 397| 50. 3| | A1. 6| 99. 7| 201| 3954| 383| 49. 1| | B1. 4| 99. 8| 200| 3863| 319| 40. 8| 41. 3| B1. 5| 100. 3| 201| 3890| 334| 42. 3| | B1. 6| 100. 2| 200| 3883| 323| 41. 0| | C1. 4| 100. 0| 202| 3800| 305| 38. 8| 38. 4| C1. 5| 99. 7| 203| 3795| 296| 37. 9| | C1. 6| 100. 2| 202| 3783| 304| 38. 6| | D1. 4| 99. 8| 203| 3738| 193| 24. 7| 25. 7| D1. 5| 100. 1| 202| 3726| 205| 26. 0| | D1. 6| 99. 7| 202| 3717| 205| 26. 3| | Table2. Compressive Strength – Cylinders (Air stored for 28 days) Observation: 3. 3 Indirect Tensile Strength – Cylinders (Water cured for 28 days) Specimen No. Diameter| Length| Weight| Max. Load| cylinder strength (Mpa)| average cylinder strength (Mpa)| | (mm)| (mm)| (g)| (kN)| | | A1. 7| 100. 2| 201| 4151| 151| 19. 1| 20. 1| A1. 8| 100. 1| 201| 4137| 169| 21. 5| | A1. 9| 100. 1| 203| 4166| 155| 19. 7| | B1. 7| 100. 2| 201| 4044| 136| 17. 2| 16. 5| B1. 8| 100. 1| 201| 4022| 129| 16. 4| | B1. 9| 99. 8| 200| 4002| 124| 15. 9| | C1. 7| 100. 2| 202| 3899| 115| 14. 6| 14. 6| C1. 8| 99. 7| 200| 3912| 109| 14. 0| | C1. 9| 99. 9| 201| 3903| 120| 15. 3| | D1. 7| 99. 8| 198| 3861| 96| 12. 3| 12. 3| D1. 8| 100. 1| 200| 3837| 93| 11. 8| | D1. 9| 100. 2| 198| 3859| 102| 12. 9| |Table 3 Indirect Tensile Strength – Cylinders (Water cured for 28 days) Observation 3. 4 Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity  œ Cubes (Water cured for 28 days) Specimen No. | Path Length| Elapsed Time| pulse velocity(km/s)| average velocity(km/s)| cylinder strength (Mpa)| | (mm)| (? sec)| | | | A1. 10| 100. 1| 21. 1| 4. 7| 4. 8| 20. 1| A1. 11| 100. 2| 20. 9| 4. 8| | | A1. 12| 100. 1| 20. 7| 4. 8| | | B1. 10| 100. 0| 21. 2| 4. 7| 4. 7| 16. 5| B1. 11| 100. 1| 21. 4| 4. 7| | | B1. 12| 99. 9| 21. 3| 4. 7| | | C1. 10| 99. 9| 21. 5| 4. 6| 4. 6| 14. 6| C1. 11| 100. 0| 21. 6| 4. 6| | | C1. 12| 100. 1| 21. 6| 4. 6| | | D1. 10| 99. 9| 21. 9| 4. | 4. 5| 12. 3| D1. 11| 100. 2| 22. 0| 4. 6| | | D1. 12| 100. 1| 22. 1| 4. 5| | | Table 4. Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity – Cubes (Water cured for 28 days) 3. 5 Compressive Strength – Cubes (Water cured for 28 days) Specimen No. | Width| Depth| Weight| Max. Load| cylinder strength (Mpa)| average cylinder strength (Mpa)| | (mm)| (mm)| (g)| (kN)| | | A1. 10| 100. 1| 100. 2| 2631| 695| 88. 3| 86. 2| A1. 11| 100. 2| 100. 0| 2625| 677| 85. 9| | A1. 12| 100. 1| 100. 1| 2611 | 664| 84. 4| | B1. 10| 100. 0| 100. 0| 2536| 555| 70. 7| 72. 2| B1. 11| 100. 1| 99. 9| 2548| 567| 72. 0| | B1. 12| 99. 9| 99. 9| 2539| 580| 74. 0| | C1. 10| 99. 9| 100. | 2497| 431| 55. 0| 54. 6| C1. 11| 100. 0| 99. 8| 2484| 420| 53. 5| | C1. 12| 100. 1| 100. 1| 2500| 436| 55. 4| | D1. 10| 99. 9| 100. 0| 2461| 357| 45. 5| 44. 2| D1. 11| 100. 2| 100. 1| 2453| 345| 43. 8| | D1. 12| 100. 1| 100. 0| 2462| 340| 43. 2| | Table 5. Compressive Strength – Cubes (Water cured for 28 days) Observation 4. Presentation of Test Results Materials | Mix A | Mix B | Mix C | Mix D | Cement content (kg/m3) | 16| 16| 16| 16| Free water content (kg/m3) | 6. 4| 7. 2| 8| 8. 8| Free water/cement ratio | 0. 4| 0. 45| 0. 5| 0. 55| Hardened unit weight (kg/m3) | 2614. 03| 2550. 70| 2476. 86| 2467. 41| Cylinder strength (MPa) | 71. 3056253| 60. 4904288| 45. 5208526| 36. 49120537| Indirect tensile strength (MPa) | 20. 10660749| 16. 4968345| 14. 6184321| 12. 34162357| Ultrasonic pulse velocity (km/s) | 4. 791360998| 4. 69489736| 4. 63680017| 4. 548533685| Cube strength (MPa) | 86. 18075386| 72. 236373| 54. 6216624| 44. 16699149| Plot the following graphical relationships and discuss these relationships a) Cylinder compressive strength versus free water-to-cement ratio [water-cured] As seen from the graphical relationship, as the free water content of cement decreases the compressive strength of the concrete specimen will increase.These two properties are inversely proportional to each other. This may be due to the extra water diluting the cement paste mixture which will weaken the bonding between cement paste and aggregates, and hence decreases the compressive strength of the concrete. b) Cylinder compressive strength versus free water-to-cement ratio [air-stored] The ratio between the compressive strength and the free water to cement ratio for the air cured specimens shows a similar trend to that of the water cured i. e. inversely proportional to each other. However it can be obser ved that the compressive strength is lower than that of the water cured specimens.This is due to the superior moisture conditions that the water curing option provides. c) Cylinder compressive strength [water-cured] to cylinder compressive strength [air-stored] ratio versus cylinder strength [water-cured] Comparing the ratio of strengths of water cured concrete and air stored concrete against the strength of just water cured concrete, a difference in strength can be seen. From the graph above, concrete cured in water have higher compressive strength than that of air stored concrete. Therefore, if high strength concrete is needed for construction, it would be important to expose concrete to moist conditions during curing. ) Cylinder indirect tensile strength versus free water-to-cement ratio [water-cured] e) Cylinder indirect tensile strength versus cylinder compressive strength [water-cured] f) Cylinder indirect tensile strength to cylinder compressive strength ratio versus cylinder compressive strength [water-cured] g) Cylinder compressive strength versus ultrasonic pulse velocity [water-cured] h) Cube compressive strength versus free water-to-cement ratio [water-cured] A large free water to cement ratio can cause segregation of aggregates, which leads to uneven distribution of aggregate, strength will vary.This theory can be clearly seen in the graph above. As free water to cement ration increases, compressive strength decreases. i) Cylinder compressive strength versus cube compressive strength [water-cured] – include the theoretical relationship cylinder compressive strength = 0. 80 x cube compressive strength for each mix) As seen from the trend of the results, the cube strength of concrete for a particular mix is always stronger than that of the cylindrical shape. The reason for this result is due to the advantageous geometric properties that a cube precedes over the cylindrical shape.The cubic specimen has anchor points at the corners of the cube which provide greater compressive strength. A general rule states that cylinder strength is about 80% of cube strength. Therefore, it can be stipulated that in construction, members with a square cross – section would have greater compressive strength than that of a cylindrical member. Members with square cross – section would be able to handle futher loads than a same sized cylindrical member. According to our results, the experimental data is quite close to our theoretical data.However, experimental result tends to be slightly higher than theoretical data. Indirect tensile test Apparatus Avery 200Ton concrete test console Bearing strips Dental plaster Procedure Using the same machine as the compressive test, a compressive load is induced along the cylinders length which caused failure along the diagonal direction by tension. Bearing strips are used between the cylinder and testing machine platens which avoids local crushing. Concrete sample was placed between bearing strips which was placed on the undersell testing machine laterally.A constant load was applied to the sample at a rate of 15Mpa/min until the sample fails. Specimen No. | Diameter| Length| Weight| Max. Load| cylinder strength (Mpa)| average cylinder strength (Mpa)|   | (mm)| (mm)| (g)| (kN)|   |   | A1. 7| 100. 2| 201| 4151| 151| 19. 1| 20. 1| A1. 8| 100. 1| 201| 4137| 169| 21. 5| | A1. 9| 100. 1| 203| 4166| 155| 19. 7| | B1. 7| 100. 2| 201| 4044| 136| 17. 2| 16. 5| B1. 8| 100. 1| 201| 4022| 129| 16. 4| | B1. 9| 99. 8| 200| 4002| 124| 15. 9| | C1. 7| 100. 2| 202| 3899| 115| 14. 6| 14. 6| C1. 8| 99. | 200| 3912| 109| 14. 0| | C1. 9| 99. 9| 201| 3903| 120| 15. 3| | D1. 7| 99. 8| 198| 3861| 96| 12. 3| 12. 3| D1. 8| 100. 1| 200| 3837| 93| 11. 8| | D1. 9| 100. 2| 198| 3859| 102| 12. 9| | Indirect Tensile strength – Cylinders (Water cured for 28 days) Non-destructive testing Specimen No. | Path Length| Elapsed Time| pulse velocity(km/s)| average velocity| cylinder strength ( Mpa)|   | (mm)| (? sec)|   |   |   | A1. 10| 100. 1| 21. 1| 4. 7| 4. 8| 71. 6| A1. 11| 100. 2| 20. 9| 4. 8| | | A1. 12| 100. 1| 20. 7| 4. 8| | | B1. 10| 100. 0| 21. | 4. 7| 4. 7| 60. 5| B1. 11| 100. 1| 21. 4| 4. 7| | | B1. 12| 99. 9| 21. 3| 4. 7| | | C1. 10| 99. 9| 21. 5| 4. 6| 4. 6| 45. 5| C1. 11| 100. 0| 21. 6| 4. 6| | | C1. 12| 100. 1| 21. 6| 4. 6| | | D1. 10| 99. 9| 21. 9| 4. 6| 4. 5| 36. 5| D1. 11| 100. 2| 22. 0| 4. 6| | | D1. 12| 100. 1| 22. 1| 4. 5| | | Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity – Cubes (Water cured for 28 days) Cylinder indirect tensile strength versus free water-to-cement ratio [water-cured] The tensile strength of concrete showed a linear relationship with the free water to cement ratio.As the free water to cement ration increased, the tensile strength of concrete decreased. This shows a similar relationship between free water to cement ratio and the compressive strength of concrete as seen in part A and B. It also follows the general trend that an increase in free water to cement ration will decrease the strength of hardened concrete. Cylinder indirect tensile strength to cylinder compressive strength ratio versus cylinder compressive strength [water-cured] From this diagram we are able to observe the relationship between cylinder tensile strength vs. ompressive strength. It is known that concrete is naturally weak in tension, however and increase in the compressive strength will also increase the tensile strength. This is increase the two properties of concrete is due to the lower water to cement ratio which increases the concentration of cement paste providing aggregates to cement paste bonding. This diagram shows the fraction of tensile strength in comparison to its compressive strength of a particular mix. The magnitude is approximately constant for all four mixes, thus showing a concrete tensile strength is an approximate.Cylinder compressive strength versus ultrasonic pulse velocity [water-cured] The above graph shows the relati onship between compressive strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity. The relationship shows that the higher the cylinder strength, the more ultrasonic pulse velocity is produced. This link indicates that with higher concrete strength, the denser the concrete specimen. The transmission time of the pulse travelling through the specimen is much shorter in denser materials. Discussion of all test results Effects of free water content on the properties of fresh concrete (workability and unit weight of concrete).Free water refers to the amount of water that is available for the concrete hydration process after the absorption of the aggregates has been taken into account. If the aggregate is saturated and wet, this will increase the amount of water available for the hydration process, increasing the free water content of the concrete mix. The workability and unit weight of fresh concrete are affected by the free water content as the variables alter the way concrete is utilized and transporte d and a construction site.The most common way of measuring the workability of concrete batch is by measuring the amount of slump in accordance with Australian Standards. A linear relationship between fresh concrete and free water content can be seen from the results of testing fresh concrete. When the free water-content increases, the slump of the concrete batch increases respectively. Lubricating effects can be seen between cement and aggregate particles and thus the more water present in the concrete mix, the easier for particles to slip and slide over each other and therefore increasing the workability.In terms of unit weight, it will decrease with the increase in water content. Cement mainly consists of water, cement and aggregates with respective specific gravities of approximately 1. 00, 3. 15 and 2. 65. With water having the least weight per unit volume, it can be assumed that with an increase in water content in a concrete mixture, the lower unit weight of concrete will be i n the mixture when the mixture is combined as there are lower amount of aggregates and cement which are the heavier elements in a concrete mixture.Lower unit weigh of concrete indicates that lighter concrete mixture for the same volume, and this is beneficial property of fresh concrete as it allows easier pumping around the construction site, however, higher water content can affect the strength of hardened concrete so equilibrium of cost versus benefit must be considered. Effects of free water content on the hardened concrete properties (compressive strength, tensile strength and modulus of elasticity) As shown in the graphs, the compressive strength of concrete generally increases as the free water to cementitious materials ratio is decreased.However as also seen in the graphs the compressive strength of cylindrical shape specimens tends to increase as free water to cementitious materials ratio is decreased at a decreasing rate whilst cube shaped specimens tends to increase in com pressive strength as free water to cementitious materials ratios decreased at an increasing rate. However for cube shaped specimens its compressive strength is relatively higher than that of cylindrical shaped specimens as seen in the graphs.Cylinder strength requires a larger reduction in free water to cementitious materials ratio in order to achieve the same strength as cube strength. A similar behavior can be seen between water cured cylinder specimens and air cured cylinder specimens. Air cured requires a further reduction in free water to cementitious materials ratio to achieve the same strength as water cured. For tensile strength, as the free water to cementitious materials ratio is decreased at a decreasing rate, the strength of the concrete increases.However tensile strength tends to increase less than compressive strength as the free water to cementitious materials ratio is increased. As seen in the graphs also, the modulus of elasticity for concrete tends to increase as t he free water to cement is decreased at an increasing rate. Effects of curing condition on the compressive strength of concrete Curing of concrete is known as the process which encourages cement hydration where an adequate supply of moisture is required to ensure that the rate of hydration of cement is adequate enough to achieve the desired strength for the concrete.Curing allows for continuous hydration of cement where the more days that the concrete is cured the more gain in strength at a decreasing rate there is for the concrete. However this gain in strength will be halted when cement hydration stops, due to the internal relative humidity of the concrete dropping below 80%. Curing of concrete is largely influenced by temperature and humidity, where concrete cured in air after several days of water or moist curing will never reach the strength of concrete that is continuously cured in water.Overall the more days that the concrete is water the more gain in strength there will be f or the concrete. Therefore it is very important to properly cure concrete in order to achieve optimum strength. Effect of specimen shape on compressive strength The compressive strength of concrete is also influenced by the shape of the testing specimen. In general, the compressive strength for cube shape concrete is relatively higher than the compressive strength of cylindrical shape concrete.This is largely due to the fact that in cube shaped concrete, the stress is further away from the uniaxial cracking whilst for cylindrical shaped concrete the stress is near the uniaxial cracking. Discuss your reflection on the importance of the laboratory session After having participated in the laboratory testing of fresh concrete and hardened concrete, we now have an in depth knowledge of the behavior of concrete in civil engineering structures, as well we know the various methods and preparation of producing concrete to achieve a particular goal in terms of strength and durability.The impo rtance of our laboratory class is that it lets us see the practical side of concrete properties where practical properties of concrete may sometimes not match the theoretical methods of concrete. This is quite common. The laboratory classes lets us learn how to prepare and produce concrete in order to achieve a particular goal in terms of strength and durability, as well we are able to see how real life situations and environments can affect the behavior of concrete particularly during curing.This would most likely be an important knowledge to us when we go to work in the real world. The laboratory has also helped gain an in depth knowledge of how to produce the most workable, durable and most economical concrete. Conclusion As highlighted in the report, the factors which influence the performance of concrete include: free water to cement ratio, curing, specimen shape. The amount of free water in concrete is critical given that concrete strength decreases as free water to cement rat io is increased.Curing environment is also an important factor influencing the performance of concrete where an appropriate environment is required to give an adequate supply of moisture is required to ensure that the rate of hydration of cement is adequate enough to achieve the desired strength for the concrete. However in general concrete cured in air after several days of water or moist curing will never reach the strength of concrete that is continuously cured in water. Overall the more days that the concrete is water the more gain in strength there will be for the concrete.The shape of the specimen is also an important factor influencing the performance of the concrete. As observed in the report, cubic strength of concrete is generally higher than that of cylindrical strength. The workability of fresh concrete is also largely influenced by the free water to cement ratio, where the workability of concrete increases as the free water to cement increases REFERENCE Standards Austra lia International Ltd (2010), AS1012. 3. 1-1998:Methods of testing concrete –determination of properties related to the consistency of concrete – slump test, SAI GLOBAL, accessed 24th April 2012 http//www. aiglobal. com. ezproxy. lib. uts. edu. au/online/autologin. asp Standards Australia International Ltd (2010), AS1012. 5 – 1999: Methods of testing concrete – Determination of mass per unit volume of freshly mixed concrete, SAI GLOBAL, accessed 24th April 2012 http//www. saiglobal. com. ezproxy. lib. uts. edu. au/online/autologin. asp Standards Australia International Ltd (2010), AS1012. 10 – 2000: Methods of testing concrete – Determination of tensile strength of concrete cylinders, SAI GLOBAL, accessed 24th April 2012 http//www. aiglobal. com. ezproxy. lib. uts. edu. au/online/autologin. asp Standards Australia International Ltd (2010), AS1012. 9 – 1999: Methods of testing concrete – Determination of the compressive strength of concrete specimens, SAI GLOBAL, accessed 24th April 2012 http//www. saiglobal. com. ezproxy. lib. uts. edu. au/online/autologin. asp Vessalas, K. (2010), 48352: Construction Materials Lecture Notes, University of Technology, Sydney http://www. icar. utexas. edu/publications/105/105 1. pdf viewed on 24/4/2012

Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 14

Management - Essay Example epartment should analyse and integrate the current processes and also the processes like recruitment, retention, employee development, leadership development, performance management systems, workforce planning, business culture etc. Recruitment is the process of placing right people at the right place at the right time whereas retention is the process of retaining the employees with the help of rewards and supporting systems. Employee development means the process of giving proper training to the employees whereas leadership development is the program for developing leadership skills among employees. Performance management systems collect the feedbacks about the employee performances and take appropriate strategies to sustain or improve it. Workforce planning is the effective utilization of the existing manpower and business culture is presenting a positive way of performing. Performance management systems are important both for the employer and the employee. If the employee feels that his performances were taken seriously by the organization, then he will improve his productivity and subsequently the organization will also benefit from that. A well defined performance management system may have elements of employee development, salary review, personal performance and business performance. Organizations can save a substantial amount of money retaining the employees and improving the performances of the employees. Talent management plan can also attract employees from outside also and more over it can help the organization in identifying the type of employees needed, areas needed to be improved and fine tuning of the business philosophies based on the changing trends. Thus both Performance Management System and Talent Management plan can work hand in hand to improve the overall productivity of an organization. The above article has strengthened my understanding about the necessity of performance management and talent management systems in organization. Even

EKON Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

EKON - Essay Example Looking at the demand or need of any certain product can bring innovation. EKON has been lucky enough to find a need for chairs that cater the customers with back problems and also those customers who require sympathetic chairs. With need we even have to see the target market of our new products, apply marketing mixes and assess whether the product would be successful or not. This report would brief us on things to consider before launching the new products. Ekon will first have to research on the products that they plan to launch by the help of marketing research process. Through this process we will systematically design, collect, analyze and report on data and findings relevant to our launching of the two new products. We can even outsource this process or form our own marketing research team. The marketing research process takes place in six steps: (see reference list for the source). 1. Define the problem and research objectives: marketing management will inform the research team about the two products being launched, but the management will have to be careful not to define the problem too broadly or narrowly. With the problem defining, decision alternatives and research objectives will have to be made clear. The team would be covering the customers falling under the backache problems or in need of sympathetic chairs. Now what kinds of things do the customers want in the prescribed form of chairs would be found after the process ends. 2. Develop the research plan: after we make clear objectives of our research the team will have to come up with the most efficient plan to gather the information needed. Like data sources (primary and secondary data), research instruments (questionnaires, surveys, behavioral data and experimental research). The EKON team will have to see the feasibility and available budget before forming the plan. The retrieval of data from any source may vary in terms of cost. EKON plans to

Macbeth Act 5 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Macbeth Act 5 - Coursework Example This is another sign of ill conscience, of some cruelty committed by her. To wash someone’s hand means the person takes off responsibility for certain actions of his or of someone else. Lady Macbeth continuously trying to â€Å"wash her hands† of the blood, and it seems she does not succeed in it. It proves that Lady Macbeth’s mind is not at peace even when she sleeps. â€Å"It is an accustomed action with her, to seem/ thus washing her hands. I have known her continue in / this a quarter of an hour.† (4.1.25-27) 2. Is the murder of Duncan the only death that troubles Lady Macbeth? Answer specifically with direct quotations from the text. It is not only Duncan’s death that troubles Lady Macbeth. We do not know, if she feels guilty for many deaths her husband caused, such as the death of Macduff’s family, but we do know she feels responsible for Banquo’s murder. In her state of sleepwalking she talks to Macbeth â€Å"I tell you yet aga in, Banquo's buried; he/cannot come out on's grave.† (5.1.57-58) 3. Are you satisfied that Lady Macbeth is revealed in this state at the beginning of Act 5, or do you think that she should have had more scenes through the middle of the play? Explain your answer.

HR Field Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

HR Field - Research Paper Example According to the essay in recent years, this field has attained significant importance throughout the world, as the human resourcing jobs are detrimental in performance evaluation of any organization. Human resourcing as the name suggests, adds a human or people approach to the ways the organizations develop and function in daily life. This profession has gone through substantial changes in recent years and now holds the credit for being one of the best career choices in terms of career growth and progression, salary and benefits, and career outlook. The types of job include both the internal and external to the organization job, as well as the specialist and the generalist human resource practitioners.  This paper outlines that  many organizations enjoy human resource services by the external service providers or the outsourced human resource professionals whereas; other organizations prefer the internal human resource department to carry out the HR jobs and tasks. Generalists u sually have knowledge and expertise on every aspect and perspective of business however, the specialists professional have advanced expertise and greater knowledge on a few aspects of the HR environment. The HR professionals usually hold degree or certification in Human Resource Management however; degrees in related fields of study are beneficial and productive in this regard as well.  The HR field offers steady jobs throughout the career ladder of a human resource professional and bears substantial fruit in every phase or point in one's career.

Buyer behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Buyer behaviour - Essay Example The brand was also listed as the #1 company in the world by Forbes.com in June 2012. The rankings were based upon aspects such as people’s willingness to buy, recommend, work for, and invest in a company which is 60% driven by the perceptions of the company and only 40% by the perceptions of their products. The Target Audience/Market Segment: The ad, in this context, is designed for the market segment of an elite upper class that touts trendy styles and exquisite tastes as the marks of their identity, as can be evidenced from the lady’s appearance and the driver’s initial introduction of her. The audience does not get to see her eyes, covered by dark sunglasses, but are told that the first thing one will notice about her is her â€Å"bright, blue eyes† which are usually covered up, but when one sees them â€Å"it’s worth it† (Most Expensive BMW Ad Ever-BMW, 2011). The ad subtly hints here that if the consumer notices the features of BMW, they will know the worth of it. The upper class consumer, who the ad targets, will definitely understand the cue. The target market segment is also likely to be educated, rich and willing to spend heavily on luxury items. Thus, the ad is appropriate in every context to the target consumer. Features and Benefits being Offered: BMW packs their engine with effective features and style according to customer segments. â€Å"The all new BMW 3 series sedan features the BMW Twin Power Turbo four-cylinder diesel engine of its predecessor, which has been honed for even greater fuel economy and lower emissions with no reduction in power output. The 2.0-litre four-cylinder engine is from the same family as the regular BMW 320d engine and shares the same all-aluminium crankcase, VNT turbocharger and latest-generation common rail direct injection† (BMW 3-Series (2012), 2005). Additional features like a slight reduction in maximum output rating, the rpm-reducing, friction-reduced powertrain des ign and an optimized aerodynamics package has helped BMW to bring down its CO2 emission to the lowest. It also comes with 5 rear view cameras to support complete driving safety. The safety measures provided include dual front airbags, side airbags and head protecting side curtains.The BMW 3-Series Sedan is also equipped with an Auto Start-Stop function, which analyses and automatically turns off the engine during short stops to save fuel. The BMW also features important safety measures such as antilock brakes (ABS), electronic stability control (ESC) and electronic brake force distribution (EBD). Intelligent seat belt reminders are also fitted to all seats as a measure of safety and comfort. In the context of this ad, the features of the product remains emphasized throughout, right from its beginning. The lady explicitly expresses that she is done with black, thus connoting to the appeal of the change to white. The car’s manoeuvrability becomes evident when it glides through the mob whereas the car that follows gets trapped. The lady scolds the driver for his lack of pace as she wants to lose her trailing bodyguards. He picks up speed, takes several abrupt twists, turn and swerves that throw the lady around to all nukes and corners of the car but she remains in good shape. Thus, the ad, through the action unfolding before the audience’s eyes, illustrates the features of the car in terms of visual appeal, speed, manoeuvrability, comfort

Assignment Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Assignment - Case Study Example Therefore, the buyers have a reasonable influence on the prices that Movie Rental Industry sets for its rental movies, though not wholesomely. The bargaining power of suppliers in the rental movie industry is high, since it is the content providers, the networking companies and the distribution studios that regulate the prices that movie rental industry pays for the supply of the rental movies (Patton, 142). Therefore, considering the fact that the movie DVD format are continuously getting out of fashion while the digital hiring of movies is becoming the common trend in the modern world, movie rental industry is completely vulnerable to the distribution studios terms and conditions, since the studios hold the copyright privileges and may rent or withdraw the rights at will (Patton, 42). This leaves movie rental industry without much say regarding what price to pay for whatever content is offered. Internal competitive rivalry for movie rental industry is low, because the niche market operated by movie rental industry has the theater as the other main competitor, meaning that the internal competitive rivalry is low (Patton, 140). However, outside of the niche market, the competitive forces might be high, owing to the fact that there are many other operators in the wider entertainment industry, especially the theater locations for live performances. Thus, while the movie rental industry is a growing industry where competition is set to be high in the coming days, the niche market of digital rental movies is currently not very crowded, making the internal niche market competition low. While the entry into the rental movie market is not very restricted, the cost of attaining the digital distribution license is high, thus making it relatively difficult for many similar entities offering the same product to enter and thus offer a low-medium threat to the movie rental industry services (Patton, 143). Additionally, the digital distribution of

Routing Protocol Security OSPFv2 Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Routing Protocol Security OSPFv2 - Dissertation Example Using MD5 method to make a comparison between the security measures often associated with the use of OSPF v2 Routing protocol, it worked quite well to implement a network structure, which made it possible to evaluate and assess the Project background research on OSPF v2 authentication security alongside highlighting the solution that was deemed reliable for the OSPF v2 authentication. Through the use of the Quagga software, a network was implemented, which helped in testing, as well as evaluating OSPF v2 authentication. This project clearly demonstrated that OSPF as an interior gateway protocol, can route the Internet Protocol into a single routing domain. It showed that OSPF can gather a link-state information from routers and be able to construct a network of topology maps, which are more often than not used for determining routing table that is often presented in the internet layer. It was also shown that OSPF was designed in such a way that it can support the variable length subn et masking, and it is also capable of detecting any change within a topology such as any link failure and be able to converge onto a loop-free routing structure within seconds. This project also demonstrated that the OSPF network might be subdivided into various routing areas for purposes of simplifying administration and optimization of traffic and for resource utilization. It also showed that OSPF does not make use of the TCP/IP transport protocol. It is instead encapsulated in the IP datagram. This contrasts with other related routing protocols such as the Border Gateway protocol and the Routing Information protocol. It also became apparent that Router within the same broadcast domain often link from adjacencies whenever they need to detect each other. Such a detection takes place whenever a Router gets to identify itself within the hello OSPF protocol packet. This is often referred to as the two-way state. this project, as well indicted that the OSPF makes use of the multicast, as well as the unicast in sending the link state updates and the hello packets. Recommendations for Future Research The current research demonstrated clearly that it is possible OSPF V2 Routing protocol can be used as an internet security measure. Given the focus of this study and previous studies on OSPF V2 Routing protocol and other earlier versions, it is worth recommending that there is need to migrate to IPv6 considering that the solution to the existing problem which is OSPFv2 routing is to transfer to OSPFv3 and use IPsec Protocol between sites (WAN. It has been indicated that OSPF protocol when operated on other versions such as on IPv4, it operates more securely between routers. This provides an option to use varied authentication methods to give allowance to routers that are trusted to participate in routing. Although it has been noted that OSPFv3, when running on IPv6, does not any more support the protocol-internal authentication, it relies on the IPv6 protocol security (Tanenbaum, 2003). As often is the case, the OSPF version 3 would help introduce some modifications to the given IPv4 protocol implementation. Other than the virtual links, virtually all neighbor exchanges often exclusively make use of the IPv6 link-local addressing (Cisco Systems Inc, 2009). It is widely known that the IPv6 protocol always do run per link, and not based upon the subnet. It is worth contenting that all the IP prefix information has

Project Appraisal in Transportation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Project Appraisal in Transportation - Essay Example This type of modeling involves 04-steps- trip generation, trip distribution, mode choice and trip assignment. The ‘mode choice’ step of such models do not include slow & non-motorized modes like walking. End walks for taking a motorized mode (like bus) and again for physically reaching the destination (office, home, etc.) are not considered as part of traveling in this type of model. Thus, walking, perhaps the most eco-friendly, least expansive and also the oldest and the most conventional form of human movement or traveling finds no place in the conventional transport model. Another view is that this modeling system was developed for evaluating large scale infrastructure projects and not for more subtle and complex policies involving management and control of existing infrastructure or introduction of policies which directly influence travel behavior (TDM Encyclopedia, 2005). Conventional modeling tends to assume that transport progress is linear, with newer, faster mod es replacing older, slower modes (UCI-ITS-AS-WP-005). This series model assumes that the older modes are unimportant, and so, for example, there is no harm if walking conditions and transit service decline, provided that automobile ownership and vehicle traffic speeds increase. From this perspective, such models always find it undesirable to give walking priority over automobile travel. However, it is time that such drawbacks of conventional models are addressed and recently there have been a lot of developments in this direction. The conventional models are being functionally upgraded and their ability for considering slow modes like walking, bicycling, etc. can now be ensured by integrating such models with various sub-models. The conventional modeling approach is getting transformed to the more sophisticated and reliable integrated transport models where in walk-trips and walk-ability are very important considerations. The

Domestic Violence Essay Essay Example for Free

Domestic Violence Essay Essay Domestic violence is defined as acts of physical and/or psychological violence committed by one partner or on to another. Though committed by both sexes, men commit the majority of domestic violence acts. While efforts have been made to prevent men from engaging in domestic violence, these efforts have yet to make a major effect on the rates of violence against women. This is because these efforts often involve reversing long-held cultural and societal beliefs. Given this situation, violence against women will likely continue despite best efforts to decrease women’s vulnerability to such acts unless male risk factors and protective factors are addressed. While general risk factors exist, such as age and familiarity with the person, the majority of perpetrators have adopted behaviors, either learned behaviors or societal beliefs that increase their likelihood of committing domestic violence. Previous acts of violence against women is often the biggest predictor of whether or not a man will commit an act of violence. For example, men who commit rape are likely to have done so multiple times. That’s why individuals with a history of physical violence are more likely to commit future acts. Men who hold traditional gender role beliefs, (men as breadwinners; women should stay at home) and adapt to masculine norms (men need to be self-reliant; have power over women) are more likely to commit violence against women. Men who commit acts of domestic violence are likely to have experienced acts of violence against themselves, so they redirect their abuse to another. A large portion of these men also experienced abuse as a child, so they grow up thinking this behavior is acceptable. On the other hand, there are protective factors that can reduce the chance of men committing domestic violence. There are not many ways of decreasing the chance of domestic violence, but there are some. Some of the most common would be: changing social norms that turn away from or support violence against women (either through community intervention or public education), and/or by creating more stability in low-income communities, since there is a connection between violence and social problems (poverty, substance abuse, etc. )

The Basic Concepts Behind Data Bases Information Technology Essay

The Basic Concepts Behind Data Bases Information Technology Essay Databases are collection of raw fact and figures or in single word we can say data in digital form, databases are classified on the basis of their content like text document, bibliographic and statistical etc. Databases are managed by software called DBMS (Database Management System), DBMS are responsible of storing, retrieving, accessing, security, backup and querying the data as fast as possible and in most efficient way. One of the most trusted DBMS in market is ORACLE DBMS. ORACLE is the most trusted in market and almost each and every organization uses it. One of the best security features of ORACLE is Secure Database Access.SDA is based on three things which are Under USER MANAGEMENT comes how much space has to be provided to each user, what level of access has to be provided to users, the space and rights of one user does not interfere with other. Under PASSWORD MANAGEMENT come the default passwords of users, defining the password complexity, deciding the password expiry time limit, password lock facility etc. Under RESOURCE LIMTS comes deciding CPU time, logical reads, concurrent session per user, idle time, amount of private SGA for shared sessions. The above mentioned security features comes with any enterprise level operating system for example SUN SOLARIS a UNIX flavored OS has all this security features where there is separate file system for all users, each and every file system and file has access permission defined for the root, the user and others, passwords for each user is there and they are stored in encrypted form and for each and every user the resources are defined. Briefly describe the purpose of firewalls and how they work, including a comparison of at least three principal types. Firewalls are a type of hardware or software which is used to protect the system or network. Firewall acts as fences around the system or network which do not allow anybody who wants unauthorized access or after access tries to do some sort of damage. To protect ones data and network Firewalls employ a number of technologies, of which the first one is simple set of rules means all the ports should be closed initially and as one goes with applications there must be ports defined for them and only those ports are opened for those applications to use, open ports are like holes which any hacker can use to access your system. There are 2 physical types of firewalls software and hardware, software firewalls are mostly used in home environment like the one provided by Nortel and McAfee, they are responsible for protecting you home pc against any sort of external attack. Hardware firewalls are commonly used in business environment, they are dedicated units which have the external world plugged in outside and the trusted network from inside and they are often available as a pair so that failure of one unit does not make the network open for attack. Both type of firewalls use a number of different techniques to keep your system and network safe, the first thing described is a rules based or packet filter system, here all data in and out is scanned to see that is in and out to trusted ports on the system and possibly even trusted IP addresses. Proxy server, this is in between the outside world internet and the trusted inside world network it scans all packets of data and make sure if they meet the packet filter rules before passing data to the machine in the trusted network. This adds a layer of security by never allowing the internet system come in direct contact with the trusted machine, network address translation do not make your internal IP address visible to the internet. A proxy server is great against brute force attacks. What are the differences between public key encryption methods and symmetric key encryption methods? Please provide one example of each category. The cryptographic technique based on two keys a public key available to all and a private/secret key known only to the person intended to have it. An important part to the public key encryption is that the keys are related in such a manner that only the public key can be used in encryption of the messages and only the corresponding private key can be utilized in decryption of messages. By no chance one can get private using the public key. Public-key encryption like Pretty Good Privacy (PGP), are growing in popularity for transferring information through internet. They are highly secure and comparatively simple to use. The one difficulty with public-key encryption is that one need to be aware of the recipients public key so that he/she can encrypt a message. What is required therefore is a global registration of public keys Symmetric key encryption for both encryption and decryption uses a same secret key. Exchange of message requires exchange of keys also among users. Message encrypted with secret key can only be decrypted with same secret key Secret-key algorithm is used in symmetric key encryption. Symmetric key encryption techniques are also called content-encryption algorithms. The big limitation of secret-key algorithm is the requirement for sharing the secret-key. This can be overcome by deriving the same secret key at both ends by using a user supplied text string or we can say password based on password-based encryption algorithm, other way round is to securely exchange the secret-key among themselves. Size of the key defines the strength of the symmetric key encryption used. Consider the following cipher text: EHWWHU EH GHVSLVHG IRU WRR DQALRXV DSSUHKHQVLRQV WKDQ UXLQHG EB WRR FRQILGHQW VHFXULWB (Edmund Burke) a) Decipher the cipher text above using a 26-character Caesar Cipher. Explain your reasoning Explain how you would quickly determine if the above cipher text is the result of a simple substitution or a transposition cipher, also explaining the difference between each. Please justify your answer. The cipher text gets decrypted to BETTER BE DESPISED FOR TOO ANXIOUS APPREHENSIONS, THAN RUINED BY TOO CONFIDENT SECURITY A shift of 3 was used to give the output as the quote mentioned above. The above cipher can be determined as simple substitution cipher as we can list down the two alphabet words in English and shifting each alphabet to certain position gives any one of the word. Substitution cipher is all about replacing one character or alphabet with other and transposition cipher is all about jumbling of the words together instead of replacing characters, transposition cipher changes the order of the characters and can be analyzed by frequency analysis. Unfortunately your computer has been infected by some malicious code and you do not know when this infection happened. Luckily you have performed backups on a weekly basis since you acquired your computer. Your idea is to use the backups starting from the beginning, rebuilding the first backup and so on, applying all changes in order. Discuss the feasibility of this approach offering ways to improve it, if necessary. This is the safest way of rebuilding computer again and would definitely solve the issue as this is the gradual step by step up gradation of the system and would bring the system to state where it was infected but without the problem. What I feel like if we start restoring the system from back rather than doing from start and checking for the stability of the system. This approach saves time and effort as after restoring first only you have the probability of solving the issue or what we can do is not do one by one incremental steps but keep an interval of the backups and do. Please compare and contrast incident response plans and business continuity plans. List heir key elements (what would one expect to see in such a document?) The incident response plan is defined as what make up a security incident and highlight the phases of incident response. The incident response plan document is focused on how information reaches the appropriate personnel, investigation of the incident, bringing down damage and strategy to respond, documentation and evidence preservation. The incident response plan consists of responsibility area and pen down and brings in effect procedures for handing security incidents. The document emphasizes on the considerations required to create an incident response plan. The incident is formulated to safeguard against intrusion to organizational resources. An incident is defined as information confidentiality loss, data integrity compromise, theft or damage of IT assets like computer, printer etc, service denial, misuse of assets or services or data, system infection by malicious software, unauthorized access, system abnormal behavior, alarms for intrusion detection and their responses. The incident response goals are incident occurrence verification, business restoration continuity, minimized incident impact, determine the way of attack, prevention against future attacks, response time of security and incident should be improved, illegal activity prosecution, situation and response has to be made aware to management. The incident response life cycle begins by incident preparation, then comes the discovery of the incident, notification, analysis and assessment, response strategy, containment, re infection prevention, affected system restoration, documentation, preservation of evidence, external agencies notification, update policies and response review. The business continuity planning is required for making an organization safe from internal and external threats and identifies the soft and hard assets to provide effective recovery and prevention of the organization. The following threats are there to an organization as Staff death or injury, building are damaged, loss of communication and IT infrastructure, disruption in transport making staff unavailable, stress and demoralization in staff, other business disruption or closing down on which a company is dependent, reputation damage and business change demands. To cover up the following threats following steps should have been planned sufficient workforce with right expertise and motivation to manage and lead the organization, access to key IT system and records, staff communication should be reliable and clear, ability of paying the staff in case of crisis also, product and services procurement and media demand responses. The steps involved in developing a business continuity plan in systematic way are analysis of business, risk assessment, strategy development, plan development and plans should be rehearsed. One hundred years ago, Louis Brandeis and Samuel Warren warned us that, Numerous mechanical devices threaten to make good the prediction that what is whispered in the closet shall be proclaimed from the housetops.' Cryptography is an enabling technology for self-help privacy. Conversely, cryptography can be used to conceal criminal conspiracies and activities, including espionage. a) How have computers changed the ways in which we have to keep certain information private? b) What new threats do computer systems and networks pose to personal privacy? Conversely, what threats are enabled or enhanced by computer systems and networks? c) How does cryptography help or hinder protection of privacy and public safety? d) What policies are needed and appropriate in a networked world regarding the use of cryptography? e) Consider a public key encryption. Ann wants to send Bill a message. Let Annpriv and Annpub be Anns private and public keys respectively. The same for Bill (Billpriv and Billpub). i) If Ann sends a message to Bill, what encryption should Ann use so that only Bill can decrypt the message (secrecy)? ii) Can Ann encrypt the message so that anyone who receives the message is assured that the message only came from Ann (authenticity)? iii) Is it possible for Ann to devise a method that will allow for both secrecy and authenticity for her message? Please justify your answer. Computers help a lot in keeping private informations secure. With all the security features into the system like firewalls and other security features one can keeps his/her information secure from un authorized access. Initially for keeping the information private one has to classify the physical files or documents having information as classified or confidential and have to be kept in safe custody so that unauthorized access is not there, the initially the information transfer has to be taken through physically under supervision but with computers and secure software systems and various encryptions which are efficient and complex to break, transport of information has become easy without any extra effort. With increasing use of information technology in form of computers has also created new types of threats where hackers who are experts in breaking the system security and network security and get easy access of ones private data. People use the information transfer and other IT mea ns to transfer information which cannot be scanned by authorities for example terrorist organizations uses the networks and other safe methods to transport the information which could not be easily get hold of decrypted by organizations working against them. The biggest advantage of public key cryptography is the secure nature of the private key. In fact, it never needs to be transmitted or revealed to anyone. It enables the use of digital certificates and digital timestamps, which is a very secure technique of signature authorization. We will look at digital timestamps and digital signatures in a moment, but as discussed above cryptography can be used by organizations or individuals involved in wrong activities to transfer data which cannot be caught or decrypted by authorities working against them, hence cryptography can go against world peace. Cryptography use should be mandated for the right purposes. There are few cryptographic policies that have been challenged, both literally and figuratively. In particular export controls, key escrow and government control have been issues argued recently, with final decisions still unresolved. International agreements and foreign decisions regarding these topics have influenced the current U.S. position. Ann should use the public key encryption method to send a message to Bill. Ann can create her digital signature of the message using the private key which can be verified using public key to see message is authentic. Yes Ann can use public key encryption for encrypting the message to maintain the confidentiality or secrecy of message and she can use digital signatures with public key encryption to maintain the authenticity of the message.

Universal Human Rights and Cultural Differences

Universal Human Rights and Cultural Differences Since the end of the Second World War, an increasing number of human rights instruments have been adopted, by the United Nations. These instruments have set forth common standards of human rights, and members’ states of the U.N. are called upon to respect in order to ensure better protection of human rights everywhere. But opposite to this trend, there has been a sort of resistance in many parts of the world, where human rights norms are seen as western matter. During the Cool War period, countries of the Soviet block used to consider them as linked to ‘capitalist bourgeoisie’ while young independent nations of the South saw the focus on human rights as a threat to their newly acquired sovereignty. Both sides claimed their right to difference. This raises the issue whether human rights standards should be considered differently because of cultural or differences among peoples. To put it another way, â€Å"are human rights of universal viability and applicability or are they better understood and evaluated within specific social and cultural contexts? What level of social accountability can be accommodated within the emerging global human rights regime to accord it cultural legitimacy within various societies?†1 Voices from the West have pointed out that differences among people did not permit them to meet the Western standards of human rights. It is believed that some cultures are more likely to commit human rights abuses, and for a series of reasons, there are people elsewhere to cover them or to keep silent because of their interest, thus ‘excusing the inexcusable’ which they claim being ‘part of their culture’. The aim of this paper is to sound the long debate on the relationship between universal standards human rights and cultural differences. Firstly, it recalls the foundation on which is grounded the concept of human rights, namely the human dignity, irrespective of culture, race, religion or gender. Secondly, it analyses major arguments put forward by cultural relativists, highlighting their danger, that is, the risk of having double standards of human rights. Finally, in concluding remarks, the paper considers the actual trend of recognizing human rights norms and condemning their abuses (such as female circumcision or sharia), even where people justify them by cultural specificity. I. The universal concept of human rights and the recognition of human dignity The concept of human is grounded on the idea that Man has rights simply because he is human. The universal worth and dignity of human being is founded in the writing of philosophers such as John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau. For the former, â€Å"human beings are by nature free, equal and independent†2, and the protection of that freedom and equality should be the end of the political society. Rousseau also insists on the freedom of the human being and writes that Man should never surrender his freedom: â€Å"A man who renounces to his freedom renounces at his quality as human being†. After bloody revolutions, there were attempts to introduce these concepts in states constitution in England, in France, and in the United States of America. But the first recognition of the need to secure rights for human being was stated in the Charter of the United Nations, following the atrocities of the Second World War. In its Preamble, it is said that one of the purpose of the U.N . is the achievement â€Å"international cooperation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural or humanitarian character, and in promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and fundamental freedom for all without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion†. The Universal Declaration on Human Rights is the first instrument on human rights in its preamble presented itself as â€Å"a common standard of achievement for all peoples and nations†. It went further by stating: â€Å"Recognition of the human dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world†. Subsequent instruments such as the Covenant on Civil and political Rights and the Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights contained what is usually called ‘core rights’ meaning â€Å"that are indispensable for an existence in human dignity and therefore need absol ute protection†. Among those core rights are the right to life, the prohibition of torture, slavery, arbitrary arrest, discrimination or genocide. No derogation from such rights is permitted, even in time of war. The philosophical foundations of the concept of human rights are to be found in the Western Europe. As Robertson and Merrils write, â€Å"it is clear that the mainstream has its origin in the liberal democratic tradition of Western Europe, a tradition which is itself the product of the Greek philosophy, Roman law, the Judeo-Christian tradition, the humanism of the Reformation and the Age of reason†. It means that the Western World translated into international law its philosophical, moral, cultural and religious value. Questions arise therefore as to their universality that is whether it is possible to take into account the differences while focusing on the common standards of human rights. On the other hand, if cultural differences cannot be denied, it is to establish whether differences can be an excuse to human rights abuses. Who will decide the nature and the level of change to meet universal standards of human rights and how avoid to be labelled /or accused of cultural he gemony? For the relativists, moral and cultural values differ from one culture to another. According to Parekh, â€Å"Different societies throw up different systems of moral beliefs depending on such things as their history, traditions, geographical circumstances, and views of the world. We have no means of judging them for there are no objective and universal criteria available for the purpose, and even if there were, we would be too deeply conditioned by our own society to discover them†. Cultural differences may have an influence on the human rights issues where national competence, the sovereignty of the state or the quest of self-determination are opposed to the idea of universal human rights standards. The 1993 Vienna Conference was an example of arena where, universal principle of human rights clashed with relativistic assumptions. At the eve of that important even, African and Asian groups of nations mate to draw their views they intended to put forward at the conference. In the Tunis Declaration, which reflected both their convictions and their expectations, the African group nations gave a different sound. While admitting that the universality of human rights, they declared that â€Å" no ready-made model can be prescribed at the universal level since the historical and cultural realities of each nation and the traditions, standards and values of each people cannot be disregarded†. They also highlighted the â€Å"principle of the indivisibility of huma n rights†: â€Å" Civil and political rights cannot be dissociated from economic, social and cultural rights. None of these rights takes precedence over the others†. Finally, the Tunis Declaration insisted on the link between human rights and economic development: â€Å"Political freedom when not accompanied by respect for economic, social and cultural rights is precarious. The right to development is inalienable. Human rights, development and international peace are interdependent (†¦) Africa, which has chosen the path of democracy, economic reform and the promotion of human rights, in an unfavourable international economic environment, and which finds itself particularly exposed to internal tensions deriving from the failure to meet the basic needs of populations and from the rise of extremism, will nevertheless remain committed to its choices and its responsibilities, and calls upon the international community to do likewise, in particular through an intensific ation of international solidarity, an adequate increase in development assistance and an appropriate settlement of the debt problem†. In the Bangkok Declaration, Asian group of nations opposed what they saw as Western imperialism and urged the international community to take into account their cultural difference as regard to human rights. While agreeing like Africans that human rights are universal in nature, they insisted that those rights â€Å"must be considered in the context of a dynamic and evolving process of international norm-setting, bearing in mind the significance of national and regional particularities and various historical, cultural and religious backgrounds†. Furthermore, they added, â€Å"the promotion of human rights should be encouraged by cooperation and consensus, and not through confrontation and the imposition of incompatible values†. Finally, criticising â€Å"the use of human rights as conditionality for extending development assistance and as an instrument of political pressure†, the Bangkok Declaration stressed â€Å" the need to avoid the application of double sta ndards in the implementation of human rights and its politicisation†. Indonesian Foreign Minister stated later in Vienna: â€Å"While human rights are universal in character, it is now generally acknowledged that their expression and implementation in the national context should remain the competence and responsibility of each government. This means that the complex variety of problems of different economic social and cultural realities and the unique value systems prevailing in each country should be taken into consideration†12. One may draw the conclusion that for Southern countries, priority has to be given to the satisfaction of basic needs for food, shelter, clothes before other rights such as freedom of expression and fair elections. One may even go so far to consider Western concepts of human rights as luxury for poor countries, because â€Å"cultural

Skateboarding Photography :: essays research papers

Over the last twenty years the world of skateboarding has changed greatly because of the exposure it has had through media. The originators of this media were skate magazines that highlighted many photographers and their talents. The photographs from twenty years ago were using nothing but a cheap old 35mm and came up with some incredible artistic shots. But those old cameras have been replaced by today’s photographers with the top of line cameras and lenses.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The top two magazines in the skateboarding world today are Thrasher and Transworld Skateboarding magazine. Both of these magazines have been around since the early 80’s and have covered every angle of skateboarding that’s possible. Transworld has adopted an annual edition of there magazine for just photographs on every page and no articles. In the 2001 edition many photographers were interviewed and asked about their inspirations and there gear. Ryan Gee, a photographer out of Philadelphia, said â€Å"My first camera was some piece-of-crap Mamiya I found around ’92, today I’m using a Hasselblad 501 CM, and a Canon EOS 1N RS†, most photographers in the skate industry today are using a camera like the Canon 1N for shooting sequences of the more technical skateboard tricks. Some of these photographers also carry around a medium format camera like a Hasselblad for stills because of the great images that format creates. For lenses eve ryone seems to use a 15mm fisheye for those up close in the action shots and a good zoom telephoto for those long view shots. Fisheye shot, by Ryan Gee Telephoto shot, by Ryan Gee   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Photographers like Ryan Gee know that without the photographers from the 80’s they would not be doing what they are doing now. One huge inspiration in the industry would have to Spike Jonze. Jonze started out shooting photos of all the top pros for Transworld Magazine and became their senior photographer around the late 80’s. He then decided to get involved in the business side of skateboarding by starting one of today’s biggest brands, Girl Skateboards. Today many people know him as a music video director and major movie director. He has also been nominated for an Oscar for his direction on â€Å"Being John Malkovich†. But he has always looked back at his skateboarding photography as his biggest influence and achievements. Spike Jonze   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Other influences on the industry would be Skin Phillips, Daniel Sturt, and Grant Brittain.

Creation Science Essay -- essays research papers

Creationism is a religious metaphysical theory about the origin of the universe. It is not a scientific theory. Technically, creationism is not necessarily connected to any particular religion. It simply requires a belief in a Creator. Millions of Christians and non-Christians believe there is a Creator of the universe and that scientific theories such as the the theory of evolution do not conflict with belief in a Creator. However, fundamentalist Christians such as Ronald Reagan and Jerry Falwell, have co-opted the term 'creationism' and it is now difficult to refer to creationism without being understood as referring to fundamentalist Christians who (a) take the stories in Genesis as accurate accounts of the origin of the universe and life on Earth, and (b) believe that Genesis is incompatible with the Big Bang theory and the theory of evolution. Thus, it is commonly assumed that creationists are Christians who believe that the account of the creation of the universe as presented in Genesis is literally true in its basic claims about Adam and Eve, the six days of creation, and not an allegory. Creation science is a term used by certain creationists to indicate that they believe that Genesis is a scientific account of the origin of the universe. Reading the Bible as if it were a scientific text contradicts the Big Bang theory and the theory of evolution. "Creation scientists" say those theories are false and that scientists who advocate such theories are ignorant of the truth about the origins of the universe and life on Earth. One of the main leaders of creation science is Duane T. Gish of the Institute for Creation Research, who puts forth his views in conjunction with attacks on evolution. Gish is the author of Evolution, the Challenge of the Fossil Record ( San Diego, Calif.: Creation-Life Publishers, 1985) and Evolution, the Fossils Say No (San Diego, Calif.: Creation-Life Publishers, 1978). Another leader of this movement is Walt Brown of the Center for Scientific Creationism. Neither Gish nor Brown seem to understand the difference between a fact and a theory. They loudly proclaim that evolution is just a theory and that it is false. Scientific theories are neither true nor false. They are explanations of facts. That species evolved from other species is considered by 99.99% of the scientific community to be a scientific fact. How spec... ... act unscientifically, to be dogmatic and dishonest. But the fact that one finds an occasional oddball in the history of science (or a person of integrity and genius among pseudoscientists) does not imply that there really is no difference between science and pseudoscience. Because of the public and empirical nature of scientific debate, the charlatans will be found out, errors will be corrected and the honest pursuit of the truth is likely to prevail in the end. This will not be the case with pseudosciences such as creation science, where there is no method needed for detecting errors (since it can't err) much less of correcting them. Some theories, like creationism can't be refuted, even in principle, because everything is consistent with them, even apparent contradictions and contraries. Scientific theories allow definite predictions to be made from them; they can, in principle, be refuted. Theories such as the Big Bang theory and the steady state theory can be tested by experience and observation. Metaphysical theories such as creationism are "airtight" if they are self-consistent. They contain no self-contradictory elements. No scientific theory is ever airtight.

Benedick and Beatrice in “Much Ado About Nothing” Essay

One of the most important aspects in â€Å"Much Ado About Nothing† is the story of love. It is often the basis for what transpires throughout the play and can most easily be seen through the relationships between Hero and Claudio, and Benedick and Beatrice. During the play the reader learns a lot about these couples as well as how they possess some of the same relationship traits whilst still seeing the obvious disparities between them. Benedick and Beatrice represent a â€Å"love/hate† relationship. They share many things in common and both are cynical of love and marriage. They are witty intellectual and not at all shy, which leads to many wars of words between them. In the beginning of the novel, the hate between this eventual couple is evident. Beatrice says to Benedict, â€Å"I wonder that you will still be talking, Signor / Benedict. Nobody marks you†. Benedict comes back with, â€Å"What, my dear Lady Disdain! Are you yet / living?†. Although Beatrice and Benedict may have no idea; the fact that they love each other must be evident to the rest of the characters. Otherwise, their friends and family would not have tricked them into admitting their love. Claudio and Hero represent a more romantic relationship. Claudio finds himself in love with Hero upon coming back from battle and he is not ashamed to admit his love for her. â€Å"I would scarce trust myself, though I had sworn the contrary, if Hero would be my wife†. This leads to Don Pedro assisting in Claudio’s proposal and gaining Leonato’s acceptance. Claudio and Hero’s love is mostly based on looks, since they did not know one another very well before Hero accepts Don Pedro’s proposal to marry Claudio. The fact that they don’t know each other means that there is little trust between them and this is exploited when Hero is accused of being unfaithful. Claudio is also extremely gullible and jealous and that is why he shames Hero at their first wedding. Although there are many differences between the two couples there are also some similarities. Both couples had to deal with obstacles that they would not have overcome without the help of others. Beatrice and Benedict would still be arguing if their friends did not trick them into thinking that they were in love with each other. They would not have realized that their  constant bickering with each other translated into loving emotions. Claudio and Hero’s relationship is broken when Hero is accused of being unfaithful but with the help of Dogberry and Verges, it is revealed that the accusations are not true. This allows Claudio to clear Hero’s name and marry her in the end. An obvious similarity between the relationships is that they both accomplish love.

Policing in America Society Paper

Individual Paper (Policing in America Society Paper) Jesus K. Martes Santos CJA/214 February 27, 2013 Jon Holman Individual Paper (Policing in America Society Paper) In the following paper I will be discuss the Policing in America Society, This paper examines the changing relationships between police and other government agencies, in the context of recent experience between State, Federal and local government departments. The police in the United States forms part of the law enforcing agencies according the Federal law. Apart from the national police force, there are a number of policing organizations.There are two levels of police in the United States namely the Federal police and the State police. The policing organizations that serve at the Federal level include Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), the Immigrations and Customs Department (ICE), the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) and many other Federal Law enforcement agencies. (Betchtel, 1995)   Criminal Justice is the system of practices and institutions of governments directed at upholding social control, deterring and mitigating crime, or sanctioning those who violate laws with criminal penalties and rehabilitation efforts.Those accused of crime have protections against abuse of investigatory and prosecution powers. The Federal Law enforcement agencies hold their power from the constitution of the United States in Article 1 section 8. Their operations extend beyond the State borders, for instance, the FBI have the authority to apprehend an offender who has gone beyond the boundaries of the State and the country. The State level policing organizations are divided into three basic categories: State Troopers, who are sometimes referred to as the State police, county sheriffs and the city police.State police, under the laws that govern the State have the policing authority across the whole of the State (Wadman, 2009). However, their jurisdiction is only limited to patrol areas and facilities that a re under the State level authorities. Such areas include government buildings within the State and highways. County sheriffs are limited to operating within unincorporated areas, but are they have no policing authority within the city.City police have the power to serve within the cities and they are restricted to only serving in the cities (Marks, 2009). The relationship between the police and government is determined by the level of the police organization. Federal policing organizations are subject to being controlled by the congress and have the responsibility of going after tax-related laws and criminals who operate between the States. State policing organizations are under the control of the State government. They are subject to the limitations of the State law.This implies that the State policing organizations are under the Federal police organizations (Marks, 2009). The sovereignty of the State and the sovereignty of the Federal government play a significant role in determin ing the relationship between the policing organizations in the US and the government. Despite limitations in the constitution in terms of State sovereignty, there have been scenarios whereby the different policing levels have clashed due to a different State and Federal interests (Walker, 2010).Grouping policing organizations basing on Federal and State levels questions the unity between the State government and the Federal government. The restrictions in terms areas of operation by the policing organization does not enhance efficiency in policing. This poses the risk of increase of criminal activities, being attributed to the inefficiency of the policing organizations. State priorities can be different from the Federal priorities in one way or another. Such differences can be extended to the policing organizations.Such conflicts are not health in law enforcement practices (Kelling, 2002). Usually, the division that exists between the State law and the Federal law is confusing, the gravity of the crime is usually downplayed on grounds of interstate crime, an instance is a murder crime which occurs within the state can be considered as state crime, on a similar account, petty crimes involving the crossing of the state boundaries can be termed as state crime. The divisions are also making the government to focus more on interstate crime than local crime.The government is concentrating more on the Federal Law enforcement agencies at the expense of local police who play a pivotal role in combating crime at the grass root (Betchtel, 1995). That means the relationship between local and federal authorities combating the crime bring only division and focus only in budgets and no the real problem. References http://www. bechtel. com/BAC-Chapter-7. html www. justice. gov/archive/†¦ /principlesofgoodpolicingfinal092003. pdf en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Posse_Comitatus_Act

Managers vs Leaders

MANAGEMENT 100 Using examples, compare and contrast the characteristics of both managers and leaders. There is a lot of confusion, or at least very different views, about what is meant by management and what is meant by leadership, about whether the work of managers is fundamentally different from the work of leaders, and whether they are in fact different roles at all. Of course the meaning of such ambiguous words will depend on the definition people choose to give those words, and there are many authors who use management and leadership interchangeably while there are other authors who stipulate very separate definitions for each.As Summarized by Professor Warren Bennis, â€Å"Management is getting people to do what needs to be done. Leadership is getting people to want to do what needs to be done† (Bennis 1989). Whilst managers have the authority to make people get work done, leaders will inspire, motivate and mentor people in to getting this work done. Many managers have n ot yet mastered the interpersonal skills needed in order to have good leadership skills. (The Talent Management Experts, 2007). â€Å"Leadership occurs through the use of influence, not the use of force† (Naddafpour, 2012). Jim Clemmer’s idea is that â€Å"we manage things and we lead people† (Clemmer 2012).Management is said to focus more on work. We manage physical assets such as money, paperwork, equipment, etc. Management tends to maintain focus on Fayols four functions of Planning, Organising, controlling, and leading. (Waddell, Jones and George 2011) They also problem solve, cope with complexity, budget and make effective decisions. Whereas Leadership focuses on people and how they are mentored. Leaders will typically create vision and set a direction to promote change and develop strategies to inspire, innovate and motivate people, forming relationships and creating teamwork (Future Visions. n. d. ).Typically these are the general definitions given by mos t authors however everyone has their own ideas about the work that each does. In a Harvard Business Review Classic article, Zaleznik (1992, 15) observed that managerial culture emphasizes rationality, order and control, and that a manager is a problem solver. He went on to suggest that leadership requires very different skills and behaviours more similar to an artist, that leaders tolerate chaos and lack of structure, they are creative and concerned with transformation. Zaleznik argued that the development of a leader is very different to that of a manager.In so doing Zaleznik not only proposes that leadership work is indeed different from management work but also that managers and leaders are different roles and different people. In another Harvard Business Review article entitled â€Å"What Leaders really Do† Kotter (2001, 85) writes that management and leadership are â€Å"two distinctive and complementary systems of action†¦. Both are necessary for success in an inc reasingly complex and volatile business environment. † For Kotter, management is about coping with complexity, about creating order and stability. In contrast, leadership is about coping with change.He uses a military analogy: a peacetime army is about administration and management with good leadership only necessary at the top, whereas in wartime people must be led into battle by leaders at all levels. Kotter elaborates that management is about planning and budgeting whereas leadership is about setting direction, management is about organizing and staffing whereas leadership is about aligning people, and finally management is about controlling and problem solving whereas leadership requires motivating and inspiring. Kotter describes the commonly parroted list of differences between what leaders do and managers do.It is probably more accurately a description of management behaviours/work and leadership behaviours/work than a distinction between â€Å"managers† and †Å"leaders†. In truth many managers do much leadership work, and many leaders do much management work, so it the distinction between roles is a bit artificial, but it is true there are different types of work. The commonly held distinction between manager and leader is perhaps summed up well by Hickman (1990, 7): â€Å"The words ‘manager’ and ‘leader’ are metaphors representing two opposite ends of a continuum. Manager’ tends to signify the more analytical, structured, controlled, deliberate, and orderly end of the continuum, while ‘leader’ tends to occupy the more experimental, visionary, flexible, uncontrolled, and creative end. †¦ I like to think of the prototypical manager as the person who brings the thoughts of the mind to bear on the daily organisational problems. † In contrast the leader brings the feelings of the soul to bear on those same problems†¦. The mind represents the analytical, calculating, structu ring, and ordering side of tasks and organisations.The soul, on the other hand, represents the visionary, passionate, creative, and flexible side. † Jacques and Clement (1994, 19) suggest that the separation of manager from leader has â€Å"reinforced the modern day tendency to debase the idea of the managerial role. † They say it is an unrealistic and incorrect separation. Instead managers have leadership accountabilities, and to be a good manager one also needs to demonstrate good leadership. Being a â€Å"good boss† is not about simply relying on hierarchical authority but about setting purpose and getting people to move in the direction of that achieving that purpose.Similarly McDonald, Burke and Stewart (2006, 79) lament that leader is used in a positive manner suggesting charisma and vision, and â€Å"doing the right thing†, whereas manager is used in a somewhat demeaning fashion to mean rule following, concerned with efficiency, â€Å"doing things right†. They argue that this is a misleading dichotomy. Instead they argue that all managers are leaders in the sense that they lead people, that being a manager entails doing leadership work (as well as doing other management work such as planning, budgeting, etc. ). On the other hand not all leaders are necessarily managers.The leadership quality of a manager reflects their ability â€Å"to create a productive culture through social process†. In all it is believed by some that to be a good manager you need to be a good leader but to be a good leader you do not need to be a manager (Webster, 2012). But can you really point to one individual person and say â€Å"they are a manager but not a leader† and to another and say â€Å"they are a leader but not a manager†. The two are not necessarily mutually exclusive. Which is why some authors actually talk about â€Å"managerial leadership†! So what does all this add up to?Certainly there are different vi ews about whether managers and leaders are the same or different roles/people. It is perhaps a false dichotomy or at least not useful in so far as there are many many people with the job title of â€Å"Manager† but for whom a good deal of their work is leadership work. However most authors do agree that there is a set of characteristics/skills/values/behaviours which can clearly be defined as leadership attributes, and the exercise of these attributes is identifiable as leadership work and it is indeed distinct from the planning, controlling, budgeting, reporting work of a manager. ReferencesBennis, W. 1989. On becoming a leader. London: Hutchinson Business Books. Clemmer, J. 2012. Management vs. Leadership. http://www. jimclemmer. com/management-vs. -leadership. php (accessed May 14, 2012). Future Visions. n. d. Leader Vs Manager. http://www. futurevisions. org/ldr_mgr. htm (accessed May 14, 2012). Hickman, C. R. 1990. Mind of a Manager- Soul of a Leader. Canada: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Jaques, E. , and S. D. Clement. 1994. Executive Leadership: A Practical Guide to Managing Complexity. Arlington: Cason Hall & Co Kotter, J. P. 2001. What Leaders Really Do. Harvard Business Review, December: 85.Macdonald, I. , C. Burke and K. Stewart. 2006. Systems Leadership: Creating Positive Organisation. England: Gower Publishing Limited. Naddafpour, Ali. (2012). Chapter 11: Leadership and Influence Processes. Lecture notes. Retrieved from College of the Canyons Website: http://www. canyons. edu/Faculty /naddafpoura/Bus110/Bus110Ch11Sum. htm (accessed May 14, 2012). The Talent Management Experts. 2007. Business Impact Leadership [Brochure]. Sydney: Development Dimensions International Inc. Waddell, D. , G. R. Jones, and J. M. George. 2011. Contemporary Management. 2nd ed. North Ryde, NSW: McGraw-Hill Webster, A. 2012.Comparison of Management and Leadership. http://www. ehow. com/info_7758884_comparison-management-leadership. html (accessed May 14, 2012). Zaleznik, A . 1992. Managers and Leaders: Are they Different. Harvard Business Review, March: 15. http://hbr. org/1992/03/managers-and-leaders-are-they-different/ar/1 (accessed May 14, 2012). | SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENTAssignment COVER SHEET| Your Name/s| SHARNI TIETZEL| Student No/s| 14859351| Unit Name| Management 100| Unit Index No. | 10848| TUTOR’S Name| MARTIN TURNBULL| TUTORIAL Day/Time/Class| EXTERNAL| Assignment Title (where applicable)| INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT| | Don’t forget to date stamp| 18/05/2012|Students comments to Lecturer/Tutor (if any)| | | | Please read the following and sign where indicatedDECLARATION: I/We declare the attached assignment is my/our own work and has not previously been submitted for assessment. This work complies with Curtin University of Technology rules concerning plagiarism and copyright. [Refer to www. policies. curtin. edu. au/documents/unit_outlines_plagiarism_state. doc for plagiarism and copyright information. ] I/We have retained a copy of th is assignment for my own records. Signed: SHARNI TIETZEL| THIS SECTION IS TO BE COMPLETED BY LECTURER/TUTOR: COMMENTS TO STUDENT| | | | | | | | Recorded Mark| | Lecturer| | Date| | ASSESSMENT 2 RESPONSE SHEET – Individual Essay Students need to use both in-text referencing and build a reference list. Students must use 8 sources of reference – fewer than this will result in a ‘fail’ grade. | | Mark| Research * A range of sources used * Detail and relevance of research * Originality of sources/approach * Overall depth and quality of research| /20| Content * Effective introduction * Body of essay- clear discussion that remains focused on the topic * Conclusion – restatement of purpose, summary of major findings, synthesis of argument. /20| Analysis * Critical analysis (Developing an argument or a point of view) * Overall depth and quality of analysis| /30| References * Minimum reference requirements met * References used to support arguments and ideas * Correct CHICAGO Version 16 style * All references cited in-text| /20| Academic writing * Grammar * Writing is clear and concise * Sentence structure * Paragraph structure * Spelling * Use of third person voice * Overall academic style| /10| General Comments: (in particular what the participant would need to do to get a higher mark and what has been done well) ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________|