My company is lays

My comp any is laysMy confederation is laysFRITO LAYSI am SUBODH KUMAR, proprietor of FRITO LIMITED, which produces lays. My company was started with a capital of 2 crore on 12th Dec, 2009. The of import merchandise of my company is lays. My company also produces another(prenominal) come to the foreputs want cipher drinks, popcorns, frosties, chips, etc. provided the important come input is lays.The title of my corn flakes is FRITO lays .I chose lays because lays be regularly use by race of either era groups in alone seasons and the grocery of lays is lofty byout the family. The idea came into mind when I saw a child who did non want to urinate that because he did not find it tasty and I indomitable to cod something tasty for all. And the idea worked. I succeeded in making my own cornflakes.Frito lays be made of. Frito lays comes in dickens sizes the Family vainglorious size, and in the gloomy size, just enough for peerless person. The Jumbo packets squander masks of animals as cutouts, and kids love to discombobulate them.The ad is tar stayed at mothers who atomic number 18 finally tone ending to deal the crop which is meant for family consumption. Kids are surely going to demand it,.Ing trigger-happyientsThe main ingredients of FRITO LAYS areEDIBLE VEGITABLE OIL, SPICES, ONION AND CHILLY POWER, CORIADER POWDER, SALT, powdered ginger POWDER, BLACK PAPER POWDER, TERMARIC POWDER, SALT, AND TARTERIC ACID VARIOUS FLAVOURSThere are unhomogeneous(a) flavours of NUTRILLES corn flakes.NUTRILLES Banana Bite.Delicious strawberries.Mango mania.Chocoleceous ChocsMusculaceousFrostiest for fun.Each one has a decidedive taste to invite Young and Grey to conflagrate of day taste buds and in a mix, its a jingle to top up with Tropi chamberpota fruit mixes for a gr devour Nutritious head start for the day. The best federal agency of lays has always been that it has been a shop ambassador for Fat lay off Food which has gone in a big way to expurgate FP Ratio.We all know that the Indians have lost the key to healthy victuals (Healthy Diet and active Lifestyle) because we sight never manipulate our Gastronomic desires aft(prenominal) reading so many Foodie revs from the likes of Giyani, Karvy and Cowy.Healthy diet federal agency Carbo, Proteins bla bla bla and near to zero Fat and near to zero Sugar. Do we have to remember all this when lays takes care of e really nutritive fact on its c everyplace less glossy than Star dust ,but to a greater extent gentle and more(prenominal) Crispy which makes it the First company in the terra firma to take for its Fat and Sugar takes.Wholesome Facts-Thought for foodFor all those who think that you should eat like Kings for BF, Lunch and Dinner and those who think that you should starve like Beggars to break weight, healthy BF is the most important way of getting adequate emotional state force and sustainment which elicit be had by wholesome grains and wholes ome diet. gross(a) planned food as per MY PYRAMID means the right confederacy ofGrains-Non refined whole potato, brown rice preferably and refined light rice, wheat or bread if not.Vegetables-Dark Green orange, starchy Vegetables, Peas and Beans.Typically, a NUTRILLES ce in truth grass with milk fulfils a major part of BF but depart not be complete without Fruits or 100% fruit..It allow be no understatement to say that lays contain abounding amounts of Carbohydrates, Proteins, Sodium, Potassium, Vitamins, Fibre and an amazing 0.3 grams of Fat and in a bowl full. lays 100 years of commitment to Nutrition hind end be found in every ingathering that it manufactures and innovates and deserves rich place in the History of Processed Foods.CURRENT attitude securities industry ANALYSIS foodstuff SIZE The securities industry size of my is large. But it can be changed according to the foodstuff demand by changing the exist of the Lays. My objective will be to increase the groce ry store share of my point of intersection. I will develop strategies accordingly. There is considerable challenger in the food food market for my product but as I have developed an all natural product in which I have catered all age groups like children ,young, and aged raft. So obviously the market size of my product is considerably large. But in that location are a large numbers game of adversarys in the market which are threats to my company. For that I have formulated in force(p) strategies to curb their warlike strategies.There is besides one big competitor of my company that is a big name in itself uncle chips, that produces a contour of products in this range.PORTERS FIVE FORCESANALYSIS door hold upers 5 forces analytic thinking is a model for the industry analysis andbusiness strategy development developed by Michael E. Porter of Harvard Business School in 1979. It uses concepts developed in Industrial scheme (IO) economics to derive 5 forces that determine the competitive intensity and and consequently attractiveness of a market.1) The threats of substitute products- the existence of substitutes lays can be the threats. If I increase expenditure of my productpeople will shift to other substitutes. Also if the competitors go down the the price ofsubstitutes lays it can also can affect the behavior of consumer, because the consumer is rational. emptor propensity to substituterelative price performance of substitutes vendee shimmy costsperceived level of product variediation1. The threat of insertion of bran- in the altogether competitors-It is also practical that new competitors whitethorn enter into the market because it is an ever increasing market that will go for ever. Profitabilitymarket increases the producers or competitors and competition arise so profitability decreases.The existence of barriers to entry (patents, rights,etc.)economies of product differences injury equity2) The intensity of competitive rivalry- This is the major determinant of the engagement of the industry. Sometimes rivals compete aggressively and sometimes rivals compete in non-price dimensions such as innovation, marketing, etc.I will try to bring new innovations in my product to survive in the market.number of competitorsrate of industry growth sporadic industry overcapacityexit barriers4) The bargaining power of clientsThe bargaining power of the customers does upshot a get by. The ability of customers to put the firm under pressureaffects the customers sensitivity to price changes. checkr concentration to firm concentration ratiobargaining leverage, particularly in industries with high fixed costsbuyer raftbuyer substitution costs relative to firm riffing costsbuyer breeding availability3)The bargaining power of suppliers Suppliers of raw materials, components, and work (such as expertise) to the firm can be a source of power over the firm. Suppliers whitethorn refuse to work with the firm, or e.g. charge ex cessively high prices for unique preferences.supplier switching costs relative to firm switching costsdegree of variantiation of inputspresence of substitute inputsThese factors are observeming to affect my company and I will have to accept to their conditions.MARKET SEGMENTATIONI have segmented the market on sundry(a) alkali like1) AGE I made the class on the radical of age. For kids at that place are various flavours and attractive shapes of the lays. For young there is weight losers that can decrease weight inwardly 15 days. For spunk age people there is another kind that keeps them strong and contains anti ageing substances.2) INCOMEI have segmented the market on the nates of income so every grade of society gets advantage from my product. High class people would like to eat expensive and high quality product and for middle class people quality hardly matters.laysbets on muddle to beat othersORIGINAL lays maker Frito has begun exploring new formats of cereal consu mption, category segmentation and localisation, with Quaker, HULs Amaze and Nestls Cerevita beginning to occupy space in the Rs 250-crore small but rapidly growing Your web web browser may not aliment introduction of this image.breakfast cereal market.FRITO Your browser may not pay display of this image.India is also in the process of rolling out its relaunched muesli Your browser may not support display of this image.brand Extra and plans capacity expansion at its current plants.Declining to divulge specific expansion plans, Mr Dutta said We are exploring new formats and expanding the number of offerings. But we wont veer away too untold from cereals as it remains our core competence. This is in contrast to Kelloggs earlier strategy when it had forayed into snack foods and biscuits, which incidentally did not work out. Forthcoming expansion plans would let in identifying gaps in healthy food consumption and segmenting the ready-to-eat cereal category, a new-made example bein g that of Special weight-a weight centering cereal aimed at women and also Frito biggest brand. Your browser may not support display of this image.By volumes, lays remain Frito biggest Your browser may not support display of this image.brand in India, followed by Chocs. Its muesli, available asJust Right in Your browser may not support display of this image.India previously, has now been rebranded extra. FRITO Your browser may not support display of this image.India experiments with localisation are now compensable off, with localised variants Your browser may not support display of this image.such as mango and honey and the low-priced K Pack bringing in volumes. The Indian subsidiary is now among the fastest growing markets for the $12-billion based FRITOthough its region to the companys global gross deals remains marginal.My Your browser may not support display of this image.fast-food cereal maker is exporting to other countries in the sub-continent Your browser may not suppo rt display of this image.such as Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and Bhutan.CURRENT SITUATION1) Financial position- The financial position of my company is undecomposed. I have enough funds to compete in market .My company has good financial record. The assets of the company are greater than liabilities that show the company is in good position. The company is earning increased amounts of profit.2) Skills- In my company, educated and qualified supply or people are there, who have best abilities and skills. Who have new ideas to compete in market?3)Time- In my company there is tractableness in timings. Work occurs in three shifts .This makes the employees feel comfortable at work.4)People- In my company FRITO people are Divided into 3 way level. Top level management, consists of managers who make strategies, take decisions andimplement them in company. Middle level management there aremanagers who follow the order of top level managers and control on lower level management. In lower levelmanagement there are supervisors and labour.Objectives of FRITO LIMITED1) Financial objectiveTo make the best financial plan. draw in net profit nearly Rs. 1 crore lakh per year.Every year reduce losses nearly 10%.Make reserve free nearly 5% per year.1. marketing objective these are following divulge a product that all sections of people like and get benefit from it.Capture as many customers as I can get from all sections of society. My objectives will be that the customers are satisfied by my product and they become loyal to my product.My objective will be to increase the sales of the companyand for that I will adopt various strategies like good advancement like advertisements,newspapers,hoardings,brochures,etc.2. Long term objective These are followingTo make a strongposition in the market for long term.Provide best possible operate to the people.To introducenew and nourishing products in market.To forecast the coming challenges of competition in market.Currentsituation Macro Environment1) Economic environment- The economic conditions of the country affects the sale of a product. The available purchasing power in an economy depends on current income, prices, savings, and debt and credit availability. We must pay careful attention to trends touching purchasing power, because they have a strong impact on business.If the per capita real income of the country is low then the people will switch to other cheap products in the fastfood.However the high class people will switch to my product. That is why I have segmented the market on the basis of income .I have made lays for various income classes.Various prices of the product are available.2) Social-cultural environment- ships company shapes the beliefs, apprises and norms largely defines consumer taste and preferences. This environment directly affects my companys product through consumers taste.3)Technological environment- Technology shapes the future of any society. I must everlastingly watch chan ges in technology for keeping track of competition and customer wants. It plays an important role in determining the type and quality of goods and services to be produced and the type of plant and equipment to be used. As consumers in world markets created demand for lays, new industrializing countries captured the opportunity and corresponding rewards to participate in the industrial value added of the original lays. These countries were able to participate in the $1.40 of industrial value added reward answering in the transformation of the required 10 cents of lays to produce the $1.50 street corner of Frito lays. So I must producethat type of technology, so that I can produce best quality product at lower cost of production.4) Political-legal environment- The political environment has a major effect on the way financial services industry carries out their business. Parliament passes out legislation to these organisations who then restrain it to business in the financial vault of heaven which influence the way they go around their business. The three main forces within the political environment are National and Local government, the EU and different regulatory bodies. These regulatory bodies approach to the supervision of those it regulates will be to apply these principles, other rules, laws, government agencies and pressure groups that influence and limit various organizations and idiosyncratics.Consumer doings- It is the scan of how individuals, groups and organisations select, buy, use dispose of goods, services, ideas or experiences to satisfy their require and wants.We study of consumer by following wayso Demographics-In this we divide consumer on the basis of variables such as age, family size, gender, income, occupation, education, religion, race, generation, nationality social class. For example I have split up the consumers on the basis of income, age,family size. For example on the basis of family size I have made jumbo packs, family p acks.Psychographics- In this we assess consumers at intellectual level to determine choices for purchase the products. This process includes motivation, perception, learning, beliefs attitudes. pauperism- It refers to way in which urges, drivers, desires, aspiration, needs direct, control or explain the behaviour of human beings. Motivation has close relationship with consumer behaviour. So with the help of motivation we can look for the consumer feelings for the product. By the help of effective advertisements I will try to displace the customers to buy my product.Perception- It is the process by which consumer selects, organises and interprets information inputs to create a meaningful picture of the product. By the help of advertisements and influential brand ambassadors we can make the customers perceive good about our products.Learning- It includes changes in our behaviour arising from experience. Most human behaviour is learned, although much learning is incidental. I wil l try to see how customers have previously responded to the products and how they have reacted to them after buying them once..Nature of buying decision-Buying decision includes how the customer evaluates various alternatives to buy the product. It includes various go like 1) conundrum recognition- In this the customers see where from the need has risen or the product. Need can arise from various sources like family booster units. The need for my product i.e. lays can arise when some friend who is also using my product tells u about it or recommends it for your children. Problem recognition is that result when there is a difference amid ones desired state and ones actual state. Consumers are motivated to address this discrepancy and because they commence the buying process.Sources of conundrum recognition includeAn item is out of stockDissatisfaction with a current product or serviceConsumer needs and wantsRelated products/purchases market placeer-inducedNew productsThe relev ant inseparable mental process that is associated with problem recognition is motivation. A motive is a factor that compels action.2) study search- Once the consumer has recognised a problem, they search for information on products and services that can solve that problem. Belch and Belch (2007) explain that consumers undertake both(prenominal) an infixed (memory) and an external search.Sources of information includePersonal sourcesCommercial sources human beings sourcesPersonal experienceThe relevant internal psychological process that is associated with information search is perception. Perception is defined as the process by which an individual receives, selects, organises, and interprets information to create a meaningful picture of the world1. Information evaluation After the customers search the information about the product they will evaluate various alternatives. At this time the consumer compares the brands and products that are in their evoked set. How can the marke ting organization increase the likelihood that their brand is part of the consumers evoked (consideration) set? Consumers evaluate alternatives in terms of the functional and psychological benefits that they offer. The marketing organization needs to understand what benefits consumers are seeking and and then which attributes are most important in terms of making a decision.2. Purchase decision- Once the alternatives have been evaluated, the consumer is ready to make a purchase decision. Sometimes purchase intention does not result in an actual purchase. The marketing organization must facilitate the consumer to act on their purchase intention. The provision of credit or payment terms may encourage purchase, or a sales promotion such as the opportunity to receive a premium or enter a competition may provide an incentive to buy now. The relevant internal psychological process that is associated with purchase decision is integration.3. Post purchase evaluation- I will have to check o ut whether the customers go purchase or not. After the purchase consumer might like to rationalise the purchase decision. The consumer would go for post-purchases action and uses of products. Post-purchase satisfaction is the function of trade off between the expectation and the performance achieved.Summary of situation analysis ofFRITO LAYS LIMITED.Internal vividnesss- The main volume of my product is that it tastes so good, a truehearted and easy eat on the run food. There are a lot of flavors,lots of crabs. It is cheaper than any other nutrition bar out there .The main strength of my company is quality new innovations in products. The product that is lays meets the requirement i.e. a light and fast food. The main feature of my product is that it is very nutritious and it is manufactured in such a way that it is pure in quality. The strength of my company is that there are a range of flavours in the lays that suits every persons taste.Internal weakness-The Companys weakness i s that the lays industry is becoming more stagnant and there has been a little room for growth.EXTERNAL OPPORTUNITIES- The main opportunities to my company is that the main competitor UNCLE price is very high and people in India rarely buy that .So I have introduced the different prices for different classes of people. This is the main competitive advantage of my product over other companies. outside(a) threats-The main threat to my company is UNCLE that is the main competitor in INDIA. But in this regard I have adopted certain strategies like I launch products that are traditional in taste so that people like my product. The threats are also from other products that can be used as substitutes. marketing search Steps Marketing Research ApproachOnce your problem is break-dance defined, you can move onto developing marketing question approach, which will generally be around a defined set of objectives.Clear objectives developed will lend themselves to better marketing research app roach development. Developing your approach should consist of honestly assessing you and your teams market research skills, establishing a budget, understanding your environment and its influencing factors, developing an analysis model, and formulating hypotheses.Overall Theory of the Marketing Research ApproachWhat is your overall possibility and hypothesis?What do you intend to prove or disprove?What actions are your company willing to take based upon survey results?What are the internal/external roadblocks that will need to be overcome to drive results?Marketing Research Design I designed the market research in a very effective manner. One thousand consumers were asked a series of questions about the FRITO brands and were shown some initial designs. In particular, the researchers wanted information about the impact of the designs on the ledge, the ease of recognition and the lucidness of the brand name and product. The results of the market research confirmed that one design le d the field. It highlights the N logo, .. The big advantage of using the N logo was that it was a protectable brand image. Other competitors would not be able to imitate it. Having decided on the new corporate brand icon, the designers had to incorporate it into the design of the packaging for all 29 individual brands. The latest computer technology was used to digitally generate the ar devilrk and the familiar characters such as Snap, Crackle and Pop, maitre dhotel Rik and Tony the Tiger were re-drawn in a more modern style. For distributively product the image was designed to wrap around the box and each side, including the fuck have also been given a strong branded look. The only part of the old design to be kept was the nutritional information, which had itself been re-designed in 1998 and had even received recognition from the Plain English Campaign for the clarity of its explanations. This had already proved to be very consumer friendly and a big success so it was simply inc orporated into the new design. It was essential not to alienate consumers with radical new designs and it was important to maintain the individuality of each brand. This is known as the brand equity and means the value of a brand that has been built up over a number of years. Frostiest, for example, keep Tony the Tiger, the familiar blue background and typeface, date FRITO still radiates sunshine and keeps the red and green cockerel. Although the changes in the corporate image were quite radical, the designs of the individual brands contain enough elements to be instantly recognisable. Based upon a well-defined approach, a framework for the designing your marketing research design should be apparent.Marketing research design is the most encompassing of all steps in the marketing research process, requiring the greatest amount of thought, time and expertise and is the address at which those less experienced with market research will obtain assistance from an internal market resea rch expert or by chance partner with an external marketing research provider.Marketing Research info CollectionMarketing research data collection (often called survey fielding) is the suggest at which the finalized questionnaire (survey instrument) is used in gathering information among the chosen type segments. There are a variety of data collection methodologies to consider.Market research data collection methodsComputer Assisted Telephone Interviewing (CATI) meshing surveyMail surveyMall interceptsTraditional telephone interviewing network panelMail panelIn-home panelSurvey Data abbreviationAny survey data analysis will depend on how the survey questionnaire was constructed. Less complex survey data analysis can be handled with any of a number of office suite tools, while more complex questionnaire data analysis requires dedicated market research analysis programs.Make the decisionAfter collecting all information, after analyzing, the next and last step is taking decision. T his step is based on above informations. The above information was used to take necessary steps to make changes in the product to cope with the changing tastes.Research result- After the process, of collecting all the information about my product FRITOS . On the basis of this research result, I will take all the decisions of hold as well as future.Marketing strategy convergence- It may be defined as a bundle of utilities consisting of various product features and accompanying services. My marketing strategy with regard to product will be to show the various features of the productNutritious value.Hunger erasing value.Longer shelf life.Good tasteDifferent flavours. crossroad mix- It refers to all the products offered by a firm. It should be differentiated from the product line, which refers to the group of products which are categorize together for reasons of similarities on any one of the several criteria such as customer needs, market served, channed used, or technology used in m anufacture.In my company, the product mix refers to the various products offered to the people like corn flakes,popcorn,frosties,biscuits,energy drinks,chips,etc.Product strength- The main strength of my product is that it tastes so good, a quick and easy breakfast, on the run food. There are a lot of flavors,lots of crabs. It is cheaper than any other nutrition barred out there.The main strength of my company is quality new innovations in products. The product that is cornflakes meets the requirement i.e. a light and nutritious breakfast. The main feature of my product is that it is verynutritious and it is manufactured in such a way that it is pure in quality. The strength of my company is that there are a range of flavours in the LAYS that suits every persons taste.Product weakness- The companys weakness is that the cornflakes industry is becoming more stagnant and there has been a little room for growth.Product life motorcycleYour browser may not support display of this image. The product life cycle goes through many phases, involves many professional disciplines, and requires many skills, tools and processes. Product life cycle (PLC) has to do with the life of a product in the market with respect to business/commercial costs and sales measures whereas product lifecycle management (PLM) has more to do with managing descriptions and properties of a product through its development and effectual life, mainly from a business/engineering point of view. To say that a product has a life cycle is to assert four thingsThat products have a limited life,Product sales pass through distinct stages, each posing different challenges, opportunities, and problems to the seller,Profits rise and fall at different stages of product life cycle, andProducts require different marketing, financial, manufacturing, purchasing, and human resource strategies in each life cycle stage.The different stages in a product life cycle of my productare1. Market introduction stage terms was highSales volume was low because people were not alert of the product.No or little competition.Demand has to be created.Customers have to be prompted to try the product.Heavy expenditure on the advertisement to make the people aware of the product.Profits are low in this stage.STRATEGIES IN first appearanceI visualised the various markets which I could enter because I knew that I could not enter all of them at once. I analysed the profit authorisation of each product market singly and in combination and decided on a market expansion path. Then I move the product into another market .I then surprised the competition by developing a second product for another market. I then took the second product to the first market and then launched a leash product for the first market. My game plan worked and I served the market with two or three products.2. Growth stagecosts reduced due(p) to economies of scale andSales volume increases significantly.Profitability.Public awareness.Competitio n begins to increase with a few new players in establishing market.Prices to maximize market share.STRATEGIES IN growing doI improves product quality and added new product features and styling. I also entered new market segments. I also increased diffusion coverage and entered new distribution channels. Also shifted from product awareness publicize to product preference advertising. I also lowered the prices to attract the new layers of price sensitive buyers.3. Mature stageCosts are very low as you are well established in market no need for publicity.sales volume peaksincrease in competitive offeringsprices tend to drop due to the proliferation of competing productsbrand differentiation, feature diversification, as each player seeks to differentiate from competition with how much product is offeredIndustrial win go down.STRATEGIES IN MATURE STAGEConverting non users.Entering new market segments.Winning competitors customers.Use the product on in new ways. correct the product. 4. Saturation and decline stageCosts become counter-optimalSales volume decline or stabilizePrices, profitability diminishProfit becomes more a challenge of production/distribution efficiency than increased sales.STRATEGIES INDECLINE STAGEI increasedth

Examining Disordered Offenders Within The Prison System Criminology Essay

Examining separated Offenders Within The Prison System Criminology EssayAs of December 2010, the prison house house ho white plague population in England and Wales stands at 84,896. Staggeringly, government figures estimate that over 70% of prisoners declare two or more psychical health problems of around kind, and 64% of sentenced, manly prisoners have a personality disoblige (Singleton, Meltzer and Gatward, 2007). This strain w nauseous attempt to hold proscribed why so galore(postnominal) psychogenicly ill people enter and remain in the twist mediocreice system, and why indirect methods are non employ as a lot as they should be. If these figures are correct then it seems clear that puffy numbers of intellectu onlyy con raiseed patients are macrocosm held in prison as punishment for offending sort of than being diverted exposedoor(a) from the turn justice system and into treatment. This essay exit attempt to find out why that should be the case.Divers ion, in terms of affablely mazed patients, means diverting the soulfulness in question to the health work and seeking treatment, rather than prosecution and entering the criminal justice system. miserable of outright insanity, (see the McNaughton rules) no motion how mentally disturbed the offender is, it comes elaborate to whether or not it is in in the public eye(predicate) interest to charge. The Cr proclaim pursuance Services ask whether all useful purpose would be served in prosecution, and this target apply to slightly(prenominal)thing from assault to murder (Home Office and Department of health and Social Security (DHSS), 1975). We can see in the case of prick Sutcliffe, the Yorkshire Ripper, hitherto when four different psychiatrists told a judge that he was a paranoiac schizophrenic, he was sent to prison rather than a good infirmary, as it was in the publics interest to prosecute.Diversion has arguably been around, though not in its current form, since the dark ages. Roth and Kroll (1986 100) describe a man have by evil spirits who goes on to murder three people, insofar is not deemed criminal and kind of help is sought from wise men, perhaps early forms of doctors. It was not formally in existence until the late nineteenth century when the Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions was created, and the power to determine whether it was in public interest to prosecute was introduced.It is generally argued that delight is beneficial to the mentally garbled offender. Smith and Donovan (1990) argue the opposite case. They postulate that excusing the offenders is not eer in their crush interests, especially regarding mentally ill patients still possessing about of their faculties. They believe that if the patient is prosecuted normally, it can help instil a smack of responsibility which may deter them from any(prenominal) further crimes, and reinforce the impression that they are in control of their own behaviour. Diver sion may do the opposite and reduce their sense of responsibility to adverse effects (Prins, 2010). Similarly, we essential consider the effects of aside from the views of medical staff. They are forced to consider after and care for violent patients. This then lams to the use of guards to make indisputable order is kept, which could be reminiscent of the prison make out the offender has just come from.A significant early factor in the chastisement of the excursion system would seem to be insufficiency of mental health awareness training for front-line guard officers, the first people offenders come into speck with. If a patrol officer is not trained in depicting mental health problems, the diversion process can not even be started. Also, mental health in regards to the law is often not to the full down the stairsstood by the police, including Section 136 of the Mental Health practice (MHA) 2007, which top the Police the authority to remove a person appearing to be suffering from a mental illness and in bespeak of adjacent care or control from a place that the public have access to and take them to a safe place, being a hospital or a police station. A questionnaire regarding police constables knowledge of dent 136 was undertaken in 2002 by Lynch, Simpson, Higson and Grout (2002), which found that 40% of those questioned did not run into section 136 was even a police power, and just 22% had had any training on section 136. Section 136 is immensely grave in the diversionary process, as it enables trained medical persons to evaluate an offender forwards they enter the criminal justice system. On the other hand it is utilise wrongly on far too many occasions where instead being taken to hospitals, the offenders are merely placed in a police station, which could easily put the offender in an even more uncontrolled state of mind. This is not always the fault of the police save down to the lack of mental health care experts lendable in any given area (The Bradley Report, 2009). The report goes on to say that police send should no longer be used at all as a place of safety. Prins (2010) claims that offender contact with the police is the least discontinue pathway in terms of engagement with the health and social service of processs. This needs to change as prolonged time spent in police stations or hook can exacerbate the conditions of the mentally fragmented patients.Rowlands, Inch, Rodger and Soliman (1996) found that diversion, when used properly, can be very effective. They looked at a court diversion scheme and a forensic conjunction psychiatrical nurse specialist in particular. A year later, not a single patient in their study area with a psychotic person illness was in prison, and just 17% overall had reoffended, while just about where living safely pricker in the familiarity. These figures can be compared to the study figures quoted in the cornerstone. Rowlands et al. (1996) did, however, conclude that although diversion was better than imprisonment, it was second dress hat to hospitalising the offender, and highlighted the need for a greater number of steady-going beds and locations. Similarly, Joseph (1992) attributed success to the availability of comminuted professional assessments and an increase in inter-service communication. This leads us onto another important point.The diversionary process cannot work without proper communication surrounded by the services involved, such(prenominal) as the police, judges, psychiatrists, social and probation services. The Bradley Report (2009) highlights the fact that the healthcare services in each police station are not run by the National Health Service (NHS), but by each individual force instead. This brings up many issues when moving mentally ill offenders between hospitals and police stations, such as police stations not being subject to the same governance and performance measures as the NHS hospitals. The report suggest s transferring commissioning and budgetary responsibility for healthcare services in police delay suites to the NHS at the earliest opportunity and excessively brings to light the polices difficulty in obtaining information from the NHS. Bradley (2009) withal states that the number of people who come into contact with the police is not known as there are no requirements for them to celebrate statistics. One of the major changes called upon by the Bradley Report (2009) is the introduction of liaison and diversion services in all police stations which would chiefly identify and assess mental disabilities and learning difficulties swiftly and effectively under arrest, and admit better services for people taken to police stations under Section 136 MHA 2007.The Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) also has very detailed contact with the healthcare services. This is worrying because they have to make the decision whether to prosecute a mentally ill offender solely on information receiv ed from the police with respect to any charging advice, who are manifestly ill equipped to relay such medical matters (The Bradley Report, 2009). Prosecutors are also reminded that not all mentally ill offenders are ineligible for a watchfulness as without which, the possibility of discrimination appears. It is entirely possible the offenders mental disorder played little to no role in the crime they committed, so why shouldnt they be eligible for a caution. The Bradley Report calls for more qualified cautions for mentally disordered offenders while notifying relevant health authorities.When looking at this question, it is easy to assume that all the incarcerated mentally disordered people would rather have been diverted to the healthcare services, which links to Smith and Donovans comments earlier . This is not always the case. Prins (2010) states that there are a number of benefits to the offender if he is dealt with by the normal criminal justice system model. Firstly, hospita lisation orders often result in a much longer length of imprisonment, and if the suspect is declared unfit to plea, immediate, indefinite hospitalization is issued in the majority of cases. second we must consider the possibility of iatrogenic effects brought on by psychiatric intervention. Fonagy and Bateman (2006) tell us that this is down to the difference between ones own discover of ones mind and that presented by another person. Psychiatrists and other mental healthcare workers can still use the Inter case Statistical Classification of Diseases and associate Health Problems (ICD), the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) and past experience to treat patients. The possibilities of worsening patient health comes from the fact that all mental disorders can and are different in so many regard and so exact guidelines for experts to follow are less personal and hence have room for error. To combat this, psychiatrists must integrate the patients own exper ience of mind with their own (Fonagy and Bateman, 2006).The Bradley Report (2009) highlights the lack of treatment available to mentally disordered offenders in prisons, and questions whether the treatment should be carried out in prisons at all. No longer should inmates be getting their first assessment in jail, they should be assessed for mental disorders or learning difficulties at least erst by the courts or the police. Reed and Lyne (2000) explore the inpatient care of mentally ill prisoners, and find it to be wholly unsatisfactory. Of the 13 prisons inspected and the 348 inpatient beds indoors them, not a single doctor in charge of the inpatients had completed psychiatric training, and only 24% of the nurses had had any mental health training, obviously some disturbing figures. As Prins (2010) states, it is all too easy to bill these shortcomings on a lack of finances, but there must be methods used to overcome them nonetheless. The Bradley Report (2009) also states the ne ed to remove those from prisons with flabby or medium mental disorders and introduce many more confederation based primary mental health services.The Power of Criminal Courts (Sentencing) Act 2000 lays out the basis for passing custodial sentences on an offender who is, or appears to be mentally disordered. A medical report must be compiled and considered, as must the likely effect of the sentence imposed and any treatment available for the condition. This act is something all judges and magistrates must know, which makes it even stranger that so many mentally disordered offenders make it by to the prison systems. It would seem that much more intense and thorough psychiatric assessments should be made prior to appearing in court, as to enable the courts to recognize mental disabilities in offenders and help the diversionary scheme induce more effective. The Bradley Report (2009) says that information regarding people appearing in court is essential in not only sentencing and ta ble options, but also whether they are even fit to plea. It goes on to say we should make available the same provisions to vulnerable defendants as we do vulnerable witnesses, as the traumatic courtroom procedures can be very moveing on a defendant with a mental disorder.The Bradley Report (2009) criticises the excessive use of remand for offenders with mental disorders. It encourages the use of more mental health service provisions outside in the community, but accepts this is not possible at the moment due to current strain on healthcare, and the fear in communities about the frequent reoffending of some mentally disordered people. More authorize premises must be created to house people on remand as opposed to placing them in jail, as just 3 out of 101 of these facilities can specifically deal with mentally disordered offenders. It is cost making the point here that in the current economic humor it is questionable whether funding is likely to be made available for either enhan ced community provision or further approved premises. On the other hand, there are studies that show treatment by prison care services is just as, or even more, effective than community hospitals or NHS hospitals. Brooke, Taylor, Gunn and Maden (1996) interviewed 750 unconvicted males in 3 young offenders institutes and 13 adult male prisons. Of the 63% diagnosed with a psychiatric disorder, the largest majority were deemed to be treated best by the prison care health services and transfer to a NHS bed was advised in just 9% of these cases.Although there is sure as shooting a need for a great increase in mental healthcare services outside of the prisons for diversion to take place effectively, we cannot thoughtlessness the mental disorder work that goes on within them. No matter how thorough the screening and assessment processes are, some mentally disordered offenders will fall through the cracks, and some prisoners certainly develop mental illnesses as a result of their prison s tay, such as depression. It is vitally important to increase trained staff and facilities both within and outside the prison context.A report by the Sainsbury Centre for Mental Health found many shortcomings within the diversionary schemes currently in place. These range from a lack of locations leading to certain parts of the country with no help, to the offenders lack of engagement with the services. They estimate just one fifth of the potential national caseload is seen to, and this doesnt even count those who are missed by assessments at the police and court stages. Even worse, those that do get seen often drop out of the system as little is done to ensure they engage with the diversion process. Overall, this report is very similar to the Bradley Report, condemning the poor, current use of diversion with regards to mentally disordered offenders. The main remedy they put forward is the introduction of many diversion and liason teams working throughout the country, at all levels o f the criminal justice system, as this would be the best way not only to detect the vulnerable offenders, but also help in treating them. To try and combat the usual defence of a lack of funding, they propose all diversionary and liaison teams are jointly funded by both the mental health services and the criminal justice system. The Bradley Report (2009) also goes into some depth about the benefits of a richly functioning diversionary and liaison team, such as ensuring the police can make a fully informed risk assessment at the early stages, and the links that must be made from the prison mental care services to the go along care of a mentally disordered offender post release.Clearly, the predominant problem with diversion is the lack of assessment and diagnoses before an offender enters the prison system, and a lack of liaison and diversionary services available for when mental disorders are recognized. The Bradley Report (2009) puts forward the need for these services to move b ack from the court process and into the police stations which can improve the identification and assessment of mental health problems and learning disabilities at an earlier stage, which would also assist and contribute to the increasing communication between all agencies in the criminal justice system, and the healthcare services. This would also enable some mentally disordered offenders to completely avoid the criminal justice system as the police would instantly divert them to the appropriate mental health services, providing the best care for the offender, and reducing the workload of the police and the courts. The amount of prisoners with mental health problems is obviously disproportionate to the society in general, but many mogul not display symptoms of mental illness or even develop one until incarcerated. We also must consider whether society wants mentally disordered offenders treated in the community rather than in Prisons, after all, public protective comes first and f oremost. Look at the case of Christopher Clunis, a paranoid schizophrenic reviving community care from the psychiatric and social services, who went on to stab a stranger three times in the face. It seems infallible that these occurrences would be more prevalent with many more psychologically disordered offenders walking the streets,. Of course there is the argument that these individuals would be housed in secure hospitals, but the system is not 100% foolproof, as we can see.In conclusion, while there are undoubtedly many people in the prison system with mental disorders that do not belong there, with the healthcare system in its current state it is hard to argue mentally disordered offenders would be better off receiving treatment in the community and mental healthcare institutions. The fact is they are underfunded and under developed, there would precisely be no room for thousands more patients released from prisons or diverted in the first place. Similarly, there are many ment ally ill offenders that would elect to be dealt with via the criminal justice system because it can often lead to a shorter spell of incarceration, and societys reluctance to integrate mentally disordered offenders into the public. Of course, if these problems can be addressed then diversion can be used as a suitable alternative to prisons for the mentally disordered offender (The Bradley Report, 2009).

Industrialized Building Systems in Malaysia

industrialised expression arrangements in MalaysiaIndustrialised structure trunk does not pretend a comm precisely-approved definition. in that location atomic deem 18 a few definitions by authors who studied into this bea antecedently were found through literature emphasizing on prefabrication, off- berth return and mass turnout of construct comp mavinnts (Rahman Omar, 2006) (Warszawski, 1999) (Trikha,1999). This manner allow for enable exist scrimping and persona improvement through the reduction of dig want suit and turn standardisation. Apart from this, it laissez passers minimal wastage, less site materials, cleaner and neater environment, controlled fictional character, and deject total crook hails.In other countries, IBS is kn feature as off-site building, offsite manufacturing and pre-fabrication. The utilise functions are pre-fabricated. Successful IBS implementations in the world are Sekisui mob (Japan), Living Solution (United Kingdom), O pen Ho wasting disease (Sweden) and Wenswonen (Netherlands) (Oostra Joonson, 2007).In Malaysia, kink assiduity emergence posting (CIDB) has classified the IBS arrangement into 5 categories as follows (IBS Roadmap, 2003) formed Concrete Framing, Panel and quoin regularisements brace Form cream placementsPrefabricated Timber Framing framesSteel Framing outlinesBlockwork dodgesIBS has been introduced in Malaysia since early 1960s by the use of pre-cast concrete beam-column element and panelised musical arrangement (Thanoon, 2003). The travails in Jalan Pekeliling, Kuala Lumpur and Rifle Range, Penang employ Danish System and French Estoit System respectively. However, callable to the leaking issue and spirited cost in producing panel components the technologies did not take off as planned.IBS Roadmap 2003-2010 was developed and published to steer the direction of IBS implementation and promotion activities and guide the practitioners and policy buzz offrs on IBS co gitate issues (IBS Roadmap, 2003). The importance of IBS was highlighted low the Strategic Thrust 5 of the reflexion manufacturing Master Plan 2006-2015 (CIMP 2006-2015) which has been published as means to chart the future direction of the Malaysian reflexion industriousness in 2006 (CIMP, 2006). bother StatementIBS Survey 2003 stated precisely 15% of formula projects employ IBS in Malaysia (IBS Survey, 2003). IBS Mid Term retread in 2007 indicated that approximately only 10% of the complete projects used IBS in the year 2006 as compared to predict IBS usage of 50 % in 2006 and 70% in year 2008 as projected in the roadmap (Hamid et al 2008).The availability of cheap outside poke back which offset the cost conduct headway of apply IBS is a briny pass water supply of the thick acceptation (Kamar et al 2010). According to Construction manufacture Development Board (CIDB) Malaysia, at June 2007, 69% (552,000) out of total 800,000 of registered workers is strange w orkers (CIDB, 2007). It is a huge number which distress the stability and growth of domestic prudence and created social problems. Besides, slender contractors are already familiar with the accomplished governance and for them the engineering science suit well with low scale projects and in that locationfore not leave behinding to switch to mechanised base system. Furthermore, small contractors leave out fiscal backup and are not able to set up their make manufacturing plants as it involves very intensive capital investment (Rahman Omar, 2006).It was highlighted by many a(prenominal) that the idealism, processes and management and skill sets behind IBS is differs from the traditional method. escape of cognition in IBS tress technology is equally important. There are cases, where structure projects are awarded and constructed utilise IBS system but were contribute to the project deferrals and bad qualities. This has leaves the pains with a noticeable difficulties when using IBS. As a result, the assiduity is indisposed(p) to embrace in IBS unless it is engageful by the clients.A wider understanding on the characteristics and what is manifold in IBS is needed. By using the old processes is now minute if the industry is to move forward. The industry requires change management to advertise crude mindset.A STUDY INTO FACTOR OF SLOW ADOPTION OF INDUSTRIALIZED build SYSTEM (IBS) IN MALAYSIAAims ObjectivesThe aim of this study is to determine the portion of sub delinquentd acceptation of Industrialized construct System (IBS) in Malaysia.The following will be the objectiveTo identify/determine cost issue is the performer of slow adoption of Industrialized Building System (IBS) in Malaysia.To identify/determine low standardization of IBS component is the factor of slow adoption of Industrialized Building System (IBS) in MalaysiaTo identify/determine lack of knowledge of IBS is the factor of slow adoption of Industrialized Building Sys tem (IBS) in Malaysia.To identify/determine negative perception to IBS is the factor of slow adoption of Industrialized Building System (IBS) in Malaysia.Hypothesis speak to issue is the factor of slow adoption of Industrialized Building System (IBS) in Malaysia.Low standardization of IBS component is the factor of slow adoption of Industrialized Building System (IBS) in Malaysia.Lack of knowledge of IBS is the factor of slow adoption of Industrialized Building System (IBS) in Malaysia. domain of StudyResearch MethodologyLiterature ReviewIn the beginning, literature review was conducted to determine an overall idea of Industrialized Building System. The info and information will be collected from books, journals, dissertations, and information from internet. These materials will be used as background study to understand about the topic. By having all the information, it wills shows the critical path and leads to the research usance.Questionnaire SurveyThe questionnaire survey meth od is used for data collection. The questionnaire will be distributed to the construction players much(prenominal) as developer, consultant and contractor. The respondents will be asked about their knowledge on Industrialized Building System (IBS), the p seed of promotion and marketing of Industrialized Building System (IBS) in Malaysia in the future and why they are choosing or not choosing to use Industrialized Building System (IBS). discourseInterview was conducted to understand the market needs and to understand more about IBS. The goat of interview will be CIDB officer, developer, consultant and contractor.Chapter 2 Literature Review2.1 Industrialized Building Systems in MalaysiaMalaysia construction industry is now be developed from conventional construction methods towards more potent construction method. through with(predicate) the Ninth Malaysias Plan, the Malaysias government is encouraging the usage of Industrialized Building System (IBS) as an alternative to the con ventional construction method.IBS is a construction method consisting of accumulation separate structural components on the site. In IBS, the suitable coat of IBS components such as beams and columns are very critical. Besides that, the case of linkup between the structural element play the key role to make sure the structure is functional, economic and safe. The structural member and connection used should be able to transfer any load applied without having exhausting damage.The Malaysias government through the Construction pains Development Board (CIDB) has a strategic plan to improve the effectiveness and productivity of the construction in Malaysia. It butt peg be achieve by introducing the IBS into the Construction Industry.During the early use of IBS in Malaysia, there is several problem occur. The IBS usage in the building construction is much lower than the infrastructure. The system is more expensive. Besides, leaking is a major problem and it has less aesthetic ap pearance. In 1960s, there is no broad plan that can be used as guidance to the construction industry. So, the industry is depending to the existing conventional technology that needs high measuring stick of crunch.In order to make Malaysia as a develop industry country in the year 2020, Roadmap IBS is conducted by CIDB with collaboration of the Public guide Department of Malaysia. The roadmap has been released in 29 October 2003. The Roadmap IBS is made as guidance and reference to all activities that help the industrialisation of the Malaysias construction sector.2.1.1 Types of Industrialized Building System in MalaysiaAccording to CIDB Malaysia (2001), the IBS is a construction process that utilizes techniques, products, components, or building systems which involve prefabricated components and on-site quickness. Base on the structural aspects of the system, IBS can be identified into five major groupsPrecast Concrete Framing, Panel and Box SystemsPrecast concrete elements a re the nigh common IBS type. There are precast concrete columns, beams, slabs, walls, lightweight precast concrete, and aeonian concrete formworks. Besides, it is in addition consist of 3D components such as balconies, staircases, toilets, lift chamber, refuse chamber and etc (CIDD Malaysia, 2001).Steel Formwork SystemsThey generally involve site casting, and therefore subjected to structural flavour control. So, it is considered as the low level or the least prefabrication IBS types. However, this system does offer high quality finishes and fast construction with less site repulse and material requirement. These include tunnel forms, tilt-up systems, beam and column siting forms and permanent blade formwork like metal decks (CIDD Malaysia, 2001).Prefabricated Timber Framing SystemsThe products of prefabricated timber framing system are timber building frame and timber cap truss. Among these two timber roof truss is more popular. Timber building frame overly have its own ni che market where it is go interesting designs from simple dwelling units to buildings requiring high aesthetical values such as chalets for resorts (CIDD Malaysia, 2001).Steel Framing SystemsThis system commonly used with precast concrete slabs, firebrand columns and beams. This systems have always been the popular choice and used extensively in the fast-track construction of skyscrapers. Recent learning in this type of IBS includes the increased usage of light steel trusses. It is consisting of cost-effective profiled cold-formed channels and steel portal frame systems as alternatives to the heavier traditional hot-rolled sections (CIDD Malaysia, 2001).Blockwork SystemsBy using this effective alternative system, the tedious and beat consuming traditional brick laying tasks are greatly simplified. The construction method of using conventional bricks has been revolutionized by the development and usage of interlocking concrete masonry units (CMU) and lightweight concrete blocks ( CIDD Malaysia, 2001).2.1.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Industrialized Building SystemBy using IBS, the manufacturer can put forward quality controlled end products through the controlled prefabrication process. The IBS required simple on-site installation. Besides, it can provide faster completion of construction. This is because IBS using the standardized prefabricated components. Another advantage of IBS is it will create a neater, cleaner and safer construction site. There will be reduction on the construction debris, site workers and materials manifold on the construction site when using prefabricated components.For a long term period, IBS will be a cost saving construction method. The formwork that are made by steel and aluminium allow for repetitive use and this leads to considerable cost saving. Besides, IBS also have the flexibility of design. It can provide some supernumerary aesthetic value to the project design and at the same time provide higher quality and better finishes.IBS also have its disadvantages. The initial cost of IBS is usually high. The initial cost is for supporting machinery and factory. The prefabrication system relies greatly on sophisticated machineries, which have to be well controlled and maintained by ball-hawking operators. Problem of joints is one of the major problems in building constructed using IBS which leads to water leakage.Producing IBS components require a large working area for cathode-ray oscilloscope up factory, machineries and storage to store the component. IBS may also cause delay because of supply delay and shortage of raw materials. Delay may also happen imputable to lack of expertise.2.2 Cost issues2.2.1 Incentives for Industrialized Building System (IBS) are not sufficientGiving out incentive is one of the ways to root for more IBS user. The government through CIDB has introduced exemption of the construction levy (levy 0.125 % of total cost of the project according to Article 520) as an incentiv e on contractors that used IBS at least 50% IBS components in construction of peeled residential project since 1st January 2007 (CIDB, 2010).Even though, there is only a slight increase in the number of IBS user. This can say that the incentives for IBS are not sufficient. IBS adoption requires more pull and push factors from the government. Changing from conventional method to IBS was not possible due to the small profit margin unless more attractive incentive systems and benefits which can attract the conventional user to IBS (Kamar et al 2010).2.2.2 The availability of cheap foreign labourThe availability of cheap foreign labour which offset the cost benefit of using IBS is a main cause of the slow adoption. As long as the industry can easily to obtain foreign workers, the labour rates will remain low and contractor will go through it is unattractive to change from conventional method to IBS (Kamar et al 2010).With high hold for construction activities in previous years, the i ndustry has attracted a huge number of foreign workers into this country to take up employment on site as unskilled labour doing manual jobs. According to Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB) Malaysia, at June 2007, 69% (552,000) out of total 800,000 of registered workers is foreign workers. It is a huge number which distress the stability and growth of domestic economy and created social problems. The locals are reluctant to join the industry due to the low salary scheme being offered to foreign workers and wrong figure projected by the industry. Therefore, government put in place measures to encourage industries to move-up the value chain and, where possible, to automate and mechanise their operations and in areas where mechanisation and mechanisation was not possible, efforts were being made to replace foreign workers with skilled workforce (Kamar, 2010).2.2.3 High Initial Investment CapitalMany small contractors are reluctant to adopt IBS system and prefer to continue using the conventional method of construction. This is due to the fact that small contractors lack of fiscal backup and are not able to set up their own manufacturing plants as it requires huge investment capital. In this case, financial issues become the main obstacle for small contractors to move forward with the IBS system (Rahman Omar, 2006).In the horizon of components manufacturer, IBS construction requires high initial investment capital for them to purchase new machinery, mould, importing foreign technology and wages of skilled operator for installation process (Thanoon et al. 2003).2.3 Low Standardisation of componentsLow standardisation of components also hinders palmy use of IBS. The tailor-made components which do not fit into another project will increase initial costs due to the cost of the mould and design. Lack of standardisation was due to a lack of a evidence and accreditation scheme on IBS and the poor response to Modular Coordination (MC) promotion under MS 1064.Modular Coordination (MC) is defined as a coordinated unite system for dimensioning space, components, fitting, etc. so that all elements fit together without cutting or extending even when the components and fittings are manufactured by contrasting suppliers (Trikha, 1999).The dimensional control of building is very important because it is necessary to place the building parts so they can fit and function properly. In the conventional construction practice, the control of dimension is relatively simple. However, due to the industrialization of construction scenario, the structural component is prefabricated. The dimensional coordination of these components is importance. The full benefit of industrialization is impossible without standardization. No effective standardization is possible in the building industry without dimensional coordination (Warszawski, 1999).Modular coordination system will be prosecute aggressively in next millennium in order to make housing delivery be more efficient since components can be systematically factory-built and installed on-site. This will help to reduce the industrys dependence on foreign labour. All buildings are to be designed according to modular coordination principles as laid down in Malaysian Construction Standard 1 and 2 (Ministry of Housing and Local Government Malaysia, 1999).MC is an industrial cordial construction method. Its able to cater for manufacturing, transportation and assemble requirements. MC has high quality finished products and minimal wastage. It also has faster completion due to replacement from conventional systems to prefabricated components. Its application can produce neater, cleaner and safer sites due to reduction of construction debris, site workers and materials. This construction method just required less use of heavy equipment during the construction. The heavy equipment is needed for the assembly purpose only.The implementation of MC may improve the productivity of construction industry through industrialization. MC can despatch guidance to building component sizing. This can reduce as much as possible the need to further trim and shape of the materials to fit together in construction in economics of scale. Thus, it can reduce the wastage of labour and materials. Besides, the mass production of building components at factories can ensure a good quality and consistent workmanship. It does also can simplify the site operation by rationalizing, context out, positioning and assembling of building components at the site.Through standardization, an increase number of building components may be prefabricated. MC can facilitate the achievement of greater production in the building industry by its ability to discipline the dimensional and coordination of building and its components. Its allowed for a more tractile open industrial system to take place. Standardization not only leads to flexibility in the manufacturing and assembly process but also promises savin g in time, energy, material and cost to the designers and the builders.2.4 Lack of knowledge and to IBS technologyLack of knowledge in structural analysis and design of pre-fabricated components among civil engineers and those related to construction discourages further implementation of IBS system. Knowledge in construction technology is equally important. There are cases where building projects are awarded and constructed using IBS system but were carried out with many difficulties. The most common problems encountered are unseemly assembly of the components that normally involved the beam-to-beam and column-to-base connections.These problems arise due to the fact that the parties involved in the construction underestimate the important of accuracy in setting out the alignment and levelling of the bases. Basically, accurate levelling and alignment of the bases are the two most important aspects for the successful rapid erection of precast concrete components. new(prenominal) rel ated technical issues are lack of knowledge capability in designing the details of ties and connections of the pre-fabricated components particularly in precast concrete construction. distressing connection system may cause problem to site work such that the connections cannot be joined properly due to poor construction details (Goodier Gibb, 2004).There are many cases where buildings were designed to imitate the conventional reinforced concrete structural system. This concept results in exposed steel beams and columns. Eventually this invites many serviceability problems such as leakage. Rain water can easily seep into the internal building through the joint between the wall and steel beam. Dampness leads to corrosion to the lighting system and the steel beam.Specialized and additional engineering knowledge will be required to design, manufacture and construct a good IBS system. All parties involved from designers to erectors must have enough knowledge about the pre-fabricated co mponent based construction. In terms of design, the engineer must have competent knowledge in analysis and design. In the construction field, the contractors and site engineers must have enough knowledge on the safe and accurate methods of erecting and assembling loose components into a global structure. Therefore, a broader and comprehensive training course of study must be taken on board to cater ample demand in these specialised skills (Clarke, 2002)ReferencesCIDB, CIDB News, Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB) Publication, first quarters 2010, 2010Kamar, K. A. M., Mohd Idrus Din, Noraini Bahri, Mohd Azmi Dzulkifly, Mohd Rizal Norman, and Zuhairi Abd Hamid. The adoption of Industrialised Building System (IBS) construction in Malaysia The history, policies, experiences and lesson learned, 2010Kamar, K. A. M (2010) A Project Management Guideline for the execution of IBS, IEM Professional Engineer ReportCIDB Malaysia, Manual for Assessment of Industrialised Building Sy stems,CIDB, Kuala Lumpur, 2001.Clarke, L. (2002) Standardisation and Skills A translational study of skill, education and training for pre-fabrication in housing, University of Westminster Business School, LondonGoodier, C. Gibb, A. (2004) Barriers and Opportunities for Offsite Production, PROSPA, Loughborough University, LoughboroughTrikha (1999). Industrialised Building System Prospect in Malaysia. Proceeding of World Engineering Congress, Kuala Lumpur.Warszawski (1999). Industrialised and Automated Building System. Israel Techinion-Israel fetch of TechnologyConstruction Industry Master Plan 2006-2015 (CIMP 2006-2015) (2006), Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB) Malaysia, December 2006, Kuala LumpurHamid, Z. A., Kamar, K. A. M., Zain, M. Z. M., Ghani, M. K. and Rahim, A. H. A. (2008) Industrialised Building System (IBS) in Malaysia The Current State and RD Initiatives Malaysian Construction Research Journal (MCRJ), 2 (1), 1-11.IBS Roadmap (2003-2010) (2003) Constructio n Industry Development Board (CIDB), Kuala LumpurIBS Survey 2003 (2003), Construction Industry Development Board Malaysia (CIDB), Kuala LumpurOostra, M., Joonson, C., C. (2007) Best practices Lesson Learned on Building theory (edited by) Kazi, A. S., Hannus, M., Boudjabeur, S., Malone, A. (2007), Open Building Manufacturing Core Concept and Industrial Requirement, Manubuild Consortium and VTT Finland Publication, FinlandRahman, A. B. A, Omar, W. (2006) Issues and Challenges in the Implementation of IBS in Malaysia. Proceeding of the 6th Asia-Pacific Structural Engineering and Construction Conference (ASPEC 2006) 5-6 September 2006 Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaThanoon, W. A. M., Peng, L. W., Abdul Kadir, M. R., Jaafar, M.S. and Salit, M.S. (2003), The Experiences of Malaysia and Other Countries in Industrialised Building System in Malaysia, Proceeding on IBS Seminar, UPM, Malaysia

Concepts of Mega Marketing

Concepts of Mega merchandiseIs it possible to build creator over producers by reducing competition and utilising the techniques of what Kotler calls Mega grocery storeing?Is it possible to gain fountain over producers by reducing competition and utilising the techniques of what Kotler calls Mega merchandise? What forms of situation might a supplier employ, and argon there any risks in conform toing this type of strategy? Suggest specific ways in which a supplier might happen upon a warring service through the general strategy of offering higher perceived value.The planetaryisation of trade and increasing fighting are issues of critical concern to businesses. The swallownationalisation of competition has created the reality that the competitive favour of a wide motley of enterprises is declining. Changes in the merchandising grace have led to a accessory re-examination and elaborateness of the underlying principles of market place strategy. This essay explore s some of these factors including the evolution of the market concept, domestic and global merchandise challenges together with a discussion on generic wine strategies as a apparatus to achieve a sustainable competitive advantage through differentiation from a supplier perspective. founding into one or many of the worlds 200 country markets is a drop dead of the selling strategy followed by a sign, and local country conditions. Marketing aimed at a national market (ie domestic merchandise) faces a mavin set of competitive, economic and market issues across market segments including the tailoring of reapings to manoeuver export markets. International marketing is the next level of complexity whereby the firm becomes more directly involved in multiple marketing environments with alter market strategies as to how they sell, advertise and distribute to meet local conditions. sincerely global marketing is achieved when a single strategy is followed for a product, service, o r company in the global market that encompasses many markets or countries simultaneously. (Jeanette and Hennessy, 1998 and Kotler, 2000)The set up of globalisation and growth in competition may be unspoilt to consumers and suppliers of adepts and services addicted the potential for decreases in price and improvements in quality. The downside of global competition is its impact on domestic producers whose livelihood is threatened. Governments, and the local firms and constituencies that square off governments, female genitals create barriers and uncompetitive conditions to limit foreign entrants to local markets. (Jeanette and Hennessy, 1998)The marketing oriented view of the marketing concept is that a firm bases its activities on the needs and wants of customers in an exchange relationship in selected stone pit markets. Constraints in endpoints of the environmental milieu, such as laws, industry agreements and norms, influence marketing strategy. (Gronroos, 1994) This impli es a balancing act to optimise production relationships to meet the last customers needs and wants which become more complex in a multi-national or global marketing environment. McCarthys (1964) seminal marketing mix concept of product, price, prop and promotion (4Ps) has equally evolved as different marketing mixes have been put in forward for different marketing contexts including product versus service marketing and domestic versus global marketing. Work by Kotler (2000) suggests an adaptation to the marketing mix experimental conditioned mega marketing as a strategy to enter obturate markets where discriminatory reasoned requirements, political favouritism, and cartel agreements, social or cultural bias and unfriendly distribution channels exist. The model suggests an adversarial win-lose relationship rather than lean return collaborative relationships in the value chain that recognise longer term inter figureence. Cox (2004) argues that that win-lose relationships occur beca use of goods and services buyers and suppliers misread circumstances and pursue inappropriate office staff and leverage strategies that reinforce an adversarial style. This may be especially true in a foreign marketing environment.Mega marketing is defined as the strategic co-ordination of economic, psychological, political and earth relations skills to gain the co-operation of a number of parties in order to enter or operate in a given market. (Kotler, 1986, p117) By implication because, force-out and public relations are dickens extra Ps added to McCarthys 4P marketing mix concept. Kotler argues that the traditional traffickers use of accept theory is in itself an impediment to successful penetration of a barricade market and that it is not only penetration, but the retention of any market share by innovative methods that leave alone ensure a sustainable competitive advantage for the firm. (Kotler, 1986 and Kotler, 2000)The use of spot in this context is seen as a push strategy whereas public relations, is a pull strategy. Influencing public opinion has a longer lead time but its potency in influencing the mindset of the constituency of the creator of the barriers to access ensures a longer term success in the market. For example, firms may identify areas that will be positively affected by corporate social responsibility initiatives thus cultivating grace as part of a public relations initiative. (Zadek, 2001)The exertion of mega marketing principles differs further from traditional marketing in terms of higher investment greets, a mix of specialists to support the marketer and the use of index finger to achieve the firms objectives. The notion of inducement or reward as a direction to achieve an end is common practice in a marketing environment. The use of coercive, legalise, expert or referent office in order to influence on behalf of rather than over individual or mathematical group in order to achieve an end is less common. Th e use of coercion in an adversarial arms length hostile fashion to cause scathe raises ethical issues, especially serious in a world where good corporate governance is a critical success factor. The use of legitimate power through political intervention in favour of a foreign entrant is more likely to succeed as is the use of expert power where an exchange of funding for political campaigns, knowledge, or technical assistance in return for co-operation is used. Referent power and association with prestige in terms of the exchange can be equally effective. (Johnson and Scholes, 2002 and Schmitter, and Streeck, 1991) It is therefore the understanding and choice of appropriate power application in a given environment that determines an effective strategy in entering the market.The power structure of a target environment can be analysed by understanding of both the visible and invisible power actors. Power actors are agency or government and community s discernholders who have the expertness to take and effect decisions. The power actors may exercise power through pyramidal, factional, or coalitional structures. In a multilevel hierarchal or pyramidal structure, power is concentrated within a single, cohesive leadership group. In a factional structure, power is concentrated in two or more beefy factions that are competing for power. In a coalitional structure, power is concentrated less strongly whereby actors and associations work together in fluid coalitions. An amorphous structure exists where power is diffuse, with little or no pattern of coalition building or centralised leadership. The inappropriate use of power or alignment with contradictory power actors can damage the firms strategic outcome. (Keegan, 1999, Kotler, 1986 and Schmitter and Streeck, 1991) Understanding the power landscape in the context of the greater business and economic environment allows the marketer to plan a strategic intervention with the objective (for example) to gain power over producers and hence reduce competition.Kotler (1986) suggests that three broad power strategies can be followed neutralise opponents by offering to compensate them for any losses, machinate allies into a close coalition and hence reducing argue collective power or turn neutral groups unaffected by the firms strategy, into allies. Licensing, joint ventures, and joint ownership represent alternative expansion strategies that depend on how the firm configures its value chain. Tactical implementation plans may be linear or multilinear depending on market requirements. The decision around the mechanism of entry into a market is an pressing that can minimise the risks associated with that entry and influence strategic advantage. (Kotler, 1986 and Kotler, 2000)Keegan (1999) argues that strategy is integrated action in involvement of a competitive advantage. Understanding a firms unique value from a consumer perspective is the basis for ensuring that the competitive advantage is su stainable. The successful application of mega marketing principles to blocked markets to enable access will allow the firm to follow one of the two generic options developed by Porter that he identified as either in the lead in cost, or leading in differentiation. The first option encourages continuously growing competitiveness, while the bet on entails continuous quality improvement. Porter highlights the role of innovation as the capacity to generate knowledge and the key to building competitive advantage. The competitive scenario comprises inter firm rivalry impacted by the influence of suppliers and buyers threatened by substitutes or by new entrants to the industry. When describing the companys competition in relation to the competitiveness of nations, he identifies the companys strategy, structure, and rivalry as the source of competitive advantage. (Johnson and Scholes, 2002 and Keegan, 1999)The generic options render into a matrix model with quadrants of cost leadership, product differentiation, focussed differentiation, and cost focus strategies. This allows strategic decision making with respect to the market arena and product mix within which a firms competitive advantage will be realised. For example, a policy of broad or narrow target market differentiation is appropriate if a firms product delivers actual or perceived uniqueness and quality in the eyes of the consumer. This may entangle better performance, superior design, or better fit with customer needs. specialism can be an effective strategy to defend market range and obtain above average returns through amplitude pricing. (Johnson and Scholes, 2002 and Keegan, 1999)Firms that succeed in a product differentiation strategy typically have indwelling strengths that embroil access to superior research and development capability, a news report for quality and innovation, a skilled and creative product development aggroup and a talented sales and distribution capability supported by a strategic marketing process that communicates and reinforces brand inscription and the strengths of the product. Risks associated with this strategy are imitation by competitors and changes in customer tastes. Firms that succeed in a focussed differentiation strategy build on marrow squash competencies and concentrate on a narrow market segment in order to develop a high degree of customer loyalty as a barrier to entry to competitors. Although lower volumes increase the negotiate power of suppliers, cost increases can be more easily passed onto customers because product substitutes are not readily available. Few generic competitive advantages are long lasting and Hamel and Prahalad warn that the defence of existing of advantages is as important as the creation of future advantage. (Hamel and Prahalad, 1994 and Jeannet and Hennessey, 1998)In summary, the global marketing imperative to take advantage of opportunities for growth in an environment where protectionist policies inhibit expansion has led to an evolution of the traditional model of the marketing concept to include mega marketing as a mechanism to gain access to blocked markets. The successful entry into the market requires an understanding of the local environment and the application of power and public relations in order to gain competitive advantage throughout the value chain. Power over producers can be attained by reducing competition by means of a number of techniques by engaging the power actors through a researched power structure. At an industry level, the choice of entry mode could facilitate decreased competition based on alliances or collaborative business forms. An analysis and understanding of all risks associated with the selected strategy is essential, if a sustainable competitive advantage is to be achieved. As part of this approach, an application of a differentiated generic strategy to the market may limit risk through premium pricing and reduce dependence on supplier costs.Refe rencesCox, A. (2004) The Art of the thinkable Relationship Management in Power Regimes and Supply scopes. Supply Chain Management An International Journal. mint 9, 5.Gronroos, C. (1994) Defining Marketing A Market Oriented Approach. European Journal of Marketing, Volume 28, 10.Hamel, G. and Prahalad, C. K. (1994) Competing for the Future. Boston, Harvard Business Press.Jeannet, J. P. and Hennessey, H. D. (1998) Global Marketing Strategies Fourth Edition. Boston, Houghton Mifflin.Johnson, G. and Scholes, K. (2002) Exploring Corporate Strategy Sixth Edition. Harlow, Pearson Education.Keegan, W. J. (1999) Global Marketing Management. bran-new Jersey, Simon and Schuster.Kotler P. (2000) Marketing Management, Millennium Edition. New Jersey, Prentice Hall.Kotler P. (1986) Megamarketing. Harvard Business Review Volume 81, 3.McCarthy, E. J. (1964) Basic Marketing. Homewood, Richard D Irwin.Schmitter, P. C. and Streeck, W. (1991) From National Corporatism to Transnational Pluralism. Poli tics and Society. Volume 19, 2.Zadek, S. (2001) The gracious Corporation. Sterling, Earthscan Publications.

Tata Motors International Business Strategy

Tata Motors multinational Business StrategyTata MotorsTata motors is an Indians largest multi-holding community. It was established in 1945. This friendship caters to three trade place plane section internation eithery. The paseoenger gondolas, Utility vehicles and commercial vehicles. The companion produced the early mini-truck, stolon light and heartrending vehicles and many more firsts in India, being an artisan in their perseverance. Tata motors has entered into strategicalal acquisition and joint ventures in its mid typify and first appearanceed unused ingatherings at a rapid pace in various marts. Now a days, Tata motors enjoys the bearing of being Indians leading auto-wandering manu particularurer with change magnitude presence in Europe, South East Asia, Africa, Australia, and the middle East with a total more of US $ 4 billion. The confederation revolve aboutes on providing guests the outstrip encourage for their m whizzy meets European standar ds and environmental regulations through their advance technologies. A parvenuer random variable of the railroad car, named Indica V2, was a major improvement oer the previous version and quickly became mass favourite. In United Kingdom a mark engineered version of this car was sold (R everyplace City Rover), which was big failure and stated the worst car ever driven on BBC Top shift show. Tata motors also thrivingly exported large quantities of the cars in South Africa. The success of Indica in many ways marked the go up of Tata Motors.The proposal entrust implicate the current position of Tata motors and its international expansion, what be the things they father through to be successful? What ar their weaknesses? How earth-closet they improve. market factors effecting Tata motors. The companys Swot analysis, its Boston matrix, Its market planning and dodging exit all be included in the proposal.(Yadong Lou 1999) suggests International Expansion is a process by wh ich regional economies, societies, and cultures present become integrated through a worldwide-spanning network of communication and trade. This plow would not only define how Tata motors and tea spread out internationally exclusively also what be the reasons of governings to globalise, how complex this expansion is actually as it may seems to be mouth watering because of gamey goods and economies of scale however in practise it is not that easy. It is important to understand why Tata Motors did expand, though companies in the international arenas have experienced many bene learns, however the complexity of the international line of descent also brings a lot of risk with it. For Tata motors to rationalize international business activities, at that placefore, relied on the below reasons.International customers Tata motors wanted to continue serving his customers who became international. To make them feel the same as when they were in the kinsperson country.New expa nded market New polar market was lendable outside their home country additional resources including management, skills just to name the few. cast up salesTata motors wanted to increase the sales of his vehicles. Because of this they had to go into markets where consumers had a rattling fortified purchasing causality. And also to industrialise courtiers where products such(prenominal) as heavy commercial vehicles were needed or consumeed.Generally international expansion is not easy as it may sound since many factors have to be taken in to calculate. For example Tata motors started from India with an international view notwithstanding face problems like political new countrys legislation and laws. For example Nanos lay out in October maybe delayed collectable to political issues related to plant land. quote Free research report for 1Q 09 results. It should be taken in to account that Plant of Tata motors in India would be much more price undecomposed rather than a plant in Europe as there would be a difference in nominal wage laws. So to decide where a plant should be number lot of specifying is required. Economic factors were also taken in to account, since various countries would have different per annum income of the people hence to produce cars that would be affordable. Recession has not progress to the third world countries as such but has hit European countries to much more effect so different international strategy is required. One of the reasons of Tata motors success is that they faced such challenges successfully.As it is shown above Tata motors expanded with consideration of a lot of factors and proved to be successful. To understand the pattern it is important to know how did they market their products, what their planning was? What trade strategy did they use. merchandiseingMarketing is the process by which companies lay down value for customers and build strong customer dealingships in order to capture value from customer i n harvest. Tata motors market their product differently when producing in different regions.(Gary Armstrong 2009)Market commiting is a process of evaluating each market segments prepossessingness and selecting unrivalled or more segments to enter. Segmentation is dividing into distinct groups of vendees who have distinct needs, characteristics, or behaviour and who index require separate products or marketing programmes. As the Tata Group is a worldwide concern operating in more than 100 countries with thousands of products, there is almost no industry which seems to be untouched by the group. The focus of Tatas market first appearance go away be UK. There were several reasons for selecting UK as the object lens market. These favourable factors were the status of India as the favourable economic agent, UK railcar market dynamics and potential, language similarity. The other countries which were considered as potentially attractive were the USA the largest market size in t he world, Russia emerging market with world-shaking sales potential. The option of the USA as target market was declined due to extremely senior high quality requirements and other non-tariff barriers which make it hard for a new entrant to enter this market (Roger A. Kerin 1994)Through strategic planning, the company decides what it wants to do with each business unit. Market planning involves deciding on market strategies that will help the company attain its overall strategic objectives. A detailed marketing plan is essential for each business, product or brand. The plan begins with an executive summary, which quickly overviews major respectments, goals and recommendations. Tata Nano is the cheapest car in the world. It is sold in home country India around Rs 1-lakh i.e. approximately USD 2000. Tata Nano was first launched in India on 1st April 2009 and expected to be in Indian market by July 2009. Since launching, it has created a huge buzz all over India. Within the first t wo days of lunching, it has received 5500 booking. The figures uphold increase every day since the launching. What makes Tata Nano so cheap? Basically, by making things smaller, lighter, do away with superficial parts and change the reals wherever possible without pliant the safety and environmental compliance. It is said that Tata Nano has better mileage than Toyota Prius and same burn out emission as a scooter. The planning of this car is that it will be imported to Malaysia in parts by Tata motors and is assembled in its two manufacturing plants. There are forty sale offices in Peninsular Malaysia nationwide. every last(predicate) Tata Nano cars will be distributed through these sale offices only. Order can be make vide these distribution centres or its web place.(Robert.E)Market strategyMarket strategy outlines the broad marketing logic by which the business hopes to come upon its marketing objectives and the specifics of targets markets, positioning, and marketing expen diture levels. How will the company the company create value for customers in order to capture value from customers in return? This section also outlines specific strategies for each marketing mix gene and explains how each responds to the threats, opportunities and critical issues spelled out earlier in the plan. overlap over the years Tata Motors have been successful in creating their brand image specially they use some famous stars as their spokesman. different important marketing strategies are such as the packaging, innovations, and quality control. Tata Motors provide many innovational features to attract car lover. One of these innovations is the Tata Sa furtheri 4X4 Decor that has Reverse break away System. A weather-proof camera is fixed to the rear car to help the number hotshot wood while reversing the car.Pricing strategyThere are number of factors to order the equipment casualty of the car. Factors include like market condition for example it cannot be too low or too high with the prices of same vehicles of the competitors. grown discount every month and special forwarding for certain eccentric person of vehicle also one of the strong strategy use by Tata Motors. Discount can be do from Companys profit or from bargainers profit at certain range.PlaceIt includes the company activities that make the product visible(prenominal) to target customers. Channels of distributions, locations and sales is usually adopted. Vehicle should be distributed in a systematic way, from the plant to principalship and to end user. Tata Motors has an extensive dealer network covering Indian and International markets. Wherever you are, there is a Tata Motors Sales and Service dealership close to youPromotionPersonal exchange There is cold calling to customer, this is done by collection of customer data bases done by the sales officers. Hence there is minimum personalized selling involved.Advertising is any paid form of non personal perplexation and pro motion of ideas, goods or run by an identified sponsor. It is intentional to promote the sale of a product or service. The various media that can be used for advertising are T.V, Newspaper, Magazines, Hoardings, and Internet etc. Tata Motors is trustworthy for the advertising of its products. The dealer conducts point-of-purchase displays to advertise the products. The advertisements done by the Co. help the dealer to capitalize on the market. Advertising is often used to make consumers sensible of a products special low price or its benefits. But an heretofore more important function of advertising is to create an image that consumers bear on with a product, known as the brand image. The brand image goes far beyond the functional characteristics of the product. The products of Tata Motors have many special characteristics to them, but when consumers think of it, they not only think of its features, but they may also fella it with quality, performance, and class. All of these meanings have been added to the product by advertisingSales promotion is a short term incentive to encourage the purchase or sale of a product or service. Its purpose is to supplement and orchestrate advertising and personal selling. It is designed to persuade consumers to purchase immediately by providing special incentives to them for example extra product, prizes or gifts. During festivals such as diwali customers are given festive discounts.Public relations is building good relations with the companys various publics by obtaining favorable publicity, building a good incorporate image, and handling or heading off unfavorable rumors, stories and eventidets. The Co. takes serious measures to watch good public relations. The Co. follows business ethics to ensure that the customer is at ease and receives good service whenever and wherever he desires.(Edmund Jerome McCarthy). drum ANALYSISSWOT analysis helps a firm in strategy formulation, in responding strategically to the envi ronment, the goal is to avoid identified threats and take advantage of the best opportunities. The sideline is the SWOT analysis of Tata motorsStrengthsThe internationalisation strategy so far has been to keep local managers in new acquisitions, and to only transplant a pair off of senior managers from India into the new market. The benefit is that Tata has been able to exchange expertise. For example by and by the Daewoo acquisition the Indian company leaned work discipline and how to get the final product right first time.The company has a strategy in place for the next stage of its expansion. Not only is it focusing upon new products and acquisitions, but it also has a programme of intensive management education in place in order to establish its leaders for tomorrow.The company has had a successful alliance with Italian mass producer ordination since 2006. This has enhanced the product portfolio for Tata and Fiat in cost of production and acquaintance exchange. For exa mple, the Fiat Palio Style was launched by Tata in 2007, and the companies have an agreement to build a pick-up targeted at Central and South America.WeaknessesThe companys passenger car products are based upon 3rd and 4th generation platforms, which trust Tata Motors Limited at a disadvantage with competing car manufacturers.Despite buying the cat core and tear Rover brands (see opportunities below) Tata has not got a foothold in the lavishness car segment in its domestic, Indian market. Is the brand associated with commercial vehicles and low-cost passenger cars to the extent that it has isolated itself from lucrative segments in a more aim India?OpportunitiesIn the summer of 2008 Tata Motors announced that it had successfully purchased the Land Rover and panther brands from Ford Motors for UK 2.3 million. Two of the Worlds luxury car brand have been added to its portfolio of brands, and will undoubtedly off the company the chance to market vehicles in the luxury segments.Ta ta Motors Limited acquired Daewoo Motors Commercial vehicle business in 2004 for around USD $16 million.Nano is the cheapest car in the World retailing at little more than a motorbike. Whilst the World is getting ready for greener alternatives to gas-guzzlers, is the Nano the answer in terms of concept or brand? Incidentally, the new Land Rover and Jaguar models will cost up to 85 times more than a standard NanoThe new global track platform is about to be launched from its Korean (previously Daewoo) plant. Again, at a time when the World is looking for environmentally friendly transport alternatives, is now the right time to move into this segment? The answer to this question (and the one above) is that new and emerging industrial nations such as India, South Korea and China will have a zest for low-cost passenger and commercial vehicles.The range of Super Milo can efficient buses are powered by super-efficient, eco-friendly engines. The bus has optional thoroughgoing clutch wit h booster assist and better air intakes that will reduce displace consumption by up to 10%.ThreatsOther competing car manufacturers have been in the passenger car business for 40, 50 or more years. Therefore Tata Motors Limited has to catch up in terms of quality and lean production.Sustainability and environmentalism could mean extra costs for this low-cost producer. This could blow its underpinning competitive advantage. Obviously, as Tata globalises and buys into other brands this problem could be alleviated.Since the company has focus upon the commercial and small vehicle segments, it has left itself open to controversy from afield companies for the emerging Indian luxury segments. For example ICICI bank and DaimlerChrysler have invested in a new Pune-based plant which will build 5000 new Mercedes-Benz per annum. Other players developing luxury cars targeted at the Indian market include Ford, Honda and Toyota. In fact the entire Indian market has become a target for other g lobal competitors including Maruti Udyog, General Motors, Ford and others.Rising prices in the global economy could pose a threat to Tata Motors Limited on a couple of fronts. The price of steel and aluminium is increasing putting mash on the costs of production. Many of Tatas products run on Diesel fuel which is becoming expensive globally and inside its traditional home market. These all factors held lot of importance for Tata motors to expand inte rationally.(Peter Jackson 1982).The strategic positioning of an presidential term admits the inventing the desired future position of the organization on the groundwork of present and predictable exploitations, and the constructing of programs to realize that positioning. Strategic positioning can be analysed by Porters SWOT analysis approach and Boston Consultants Group (BCG) Matrix (See formula 2). BCG Product portfolio matrix indicates the Cash Cows refers to the industries with a high market function and low crop such as Power (Energy), brace and Oil Gas. Dogs refer the industries with low market share and low growth such as Tata Sky, Tata Tele services etc. the stars shows the industries such as Automotive, Tea, and Chemicals with high market share and high growth. However the each industry position in the matrix is an opportunity open to business (Sutherland and Can easily, 2004, p 16 Stacy, 1993, pp 48-49, Thompson, 2002). For example in cash cows, Tatas acquisition with Corus (UK) and gained a big share of market. In stars Tatas acquisition of Daewoo (Korea) and achieved a high market share in the Korean automobile market. judge 2Tata motors takes in to account the value proportion of what is proposed in the market and also make sure that target customers segments also are addressed by the value proposition. For example the Tatas new-made announcement, of launching the cheapest cars for the Indian market for the target market of two wheel horse owners such as motorcycle and scooter. Tata motors ha s developed effective distribution transmit to reach the customers and to develop relationship with them(David Mercer)It is very important for a company like Tata motors which is a global company that it considers its environment before rise the marketing process. In fact, environmental analysis should be continuous and nourishment all aspects of planning. The macro environments that can affect Tata motors include political, economical, Socio cultural and proficient factors.Political arenaPolitical arena can have a lot of influence upon the regulation of businesses and also one the spending power of the consumers and other businesses. The political factors that can affect Tata motors are, strong tax incentives for inbound investors, different countries would have different laws so company has to take in to account what they are dealing with, strong motivation and trust, there was a negative effect on the IT industry after 2009 because the governments initiative of assess holid ay under STPI expires (Thinking street 2007)In order to be successful marketers need to consider the state of a trading economy twain in the long and short term. It would be essential when Tata motors plan to do international marketing. As interest rates, Inflation, employment level per capita and gross domestic product per capita would all play important roles. Tata motors would also be affected by competitive labour cost model and highly mobile work force.Social and cultural factorsSocial and cultural factors influence the business varies from country to country. It includes factors like, dominant religion in the area? The attitudes to foreign products and services? How much effect language has upon the diffusion of products onto markets.TechnologyTechnology is one thing which is very important in the car industry. Since technology will give Tata motors a competitive advantage over others and is a major driver of globalisation. For example technology can allow the products to be made cheaply hence reducing cost and increasing revenues, It offers new progressive products to the consumers that will make sure that the product dont get obsolete, Tata motors internet site provides all the information about the cars, 3d view and videos can be seen making information easily accessible to the consumers. It also adds the concept of customer relationship manager who will be in touch with the consumers even after the car has been purchased. Thus consumer will feel themselves part of the arrangement. So to be competitive Tata motors have to do strong R D culture and facilities, strong tie-ups with western technology companies and be adaptive to new technologies. The various motives behind buying an automobile are Need, Prestige, Comfort, Fashion, Jealousy and Novelty. The R D Department continuously strives to bring new innovations in their product. Tatas have an industrial experience of over 100 years and they are well known with the Psychology of Indian customer s, who desire more at less(prenominal) price. This experience has helped them to develop products which fulfil the expectations of Indian consumers.Porters 5 Forces AnalysisPorters 5 forces analysis deals with the factors outside an industry that influence the nature of competition within it. According to Porter (1985), competition is at the core of the success or failure of firms. The intensity of rivalry will determine the extent to which competing companies will give away the value that they have created. They will either pass this value to the buyer in lower prices or it will be absorbed by higher costs of competing (Porter, 1991). Michael Porter has provided a manakin that models an industry being influenced by the five forces which will give below. That helps the strategic business manager to develop an edge over rival firms as this model helps in understanding the industry context in which firms operate.Figure 1 shows the five forces modelBarriers to EntryTime and cost of en tryWhen launching a product time is the most essential thing. The launch of NANO is a good example since demand for small cars is on the rise of the market. Cost of entry actually means the initial capital that would be required to setup a new firm is very high. intimacy and technologyIt is from knowledge and technology that firms get competitive advantage over others. Tata motors have great knowledge and technology because of the experience they had and also from the fact that they have done few mergers and acquisitions over the last few years.Product differentiation and cost advantageThe new products should be attractive and different to be accepted by customers. Attractiveness can be careful by feature, price etc. NANO car price is one of its things which are very attractive for customers at the moment.BuyersSwitching costs In the gaucherie of NANO the switching cost from bike to car is high. Thus increasing the demand of the car.Number of customers Few buyers can dictate their terms. The bargaining power of buyer is higher if there are a lot of choices available to the buyers. In the case of NANO the price tag that it has got no compromise have been done at front.Brand Image The brand image of Tata company is one of their strength in the market.SuppliersNumber of size of suppliersSuppliers give raw material to the company, if there are few suppliers then they can set high prices to capture the profit. The NANO car has 128 suppliers in all.Unique product/serviceSuppliers industry is dominated by few substitutes. Some parts of the Tata motor cars are obtained from few suppliers and limited substituted are available to their product.Competitive Rivalry worth competition Advertising battles can increase the demand in the industry, but may be costly to small competitors. NANO is the only player so it has the price competition but as the Maruti and Honda are planning to launch a car in the same segment so price competition will start. Product quality and numbe r of diversity of competition also effect the competitive rivalry.(Charles Hill 2009)Strategies can be made but the real thing is to make sure that theory working in practicality, for this purpose monitor and evaluation system is used for an organisation to have a check on policies and procedures through out the time. If an organisation does not care about how well it is doing or about what impacts it is having, why bother to do it at all? Monitoring and evaluation allows you to assess the quality and impact of your work, against your action plans and your strategic plan. In order for monitoring and evaluation to be really valuable, you do need to have mean wellConclusionGiven the intensity of competition and fast changing business environment in the segment, the world over, the acquisition, undoubtedly, is a strategic fit for Tata motors, as far as its globalization gambit is concerned. And, the number one spot, which it is aiming at, may not be far away. But of course, it would have to put its best cup forward. The hybrid strategy is used by the company in various industries, it involved a higher phase of organisational faithfulness and integration of all the departments. Here the strategy of the group is to maintain the cost of raw materials as last as possible and to achieve the lowest cost of final products. The group also invested a huge amount in research and development in order to achieve the highest degree of quality at the lowest price.