Effect of Curcumin on Periodontis

Effect of Curcumin on PeriodontisINTRODUCTIONPeriodontitis is a chronic incendiary disease characterized by wipeout of the soft and hard create from raw stuffs encouraging the tooth. This tissue destruction appears to outcome from complex interaction between the bacteria and the droves immune and inflammatory system. The horde immune repartee identifies these invading pathogens and tries to neutralize or kill these microorganisms. During this process the host response elaborates a variety of mediators such as pro-inflammatory mediators, cytokines and proteolytic enzymes such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). It is now believed that the major component of the soft and hard tissue destruction seen in periodontal disease occurs as a resolving of activation of these mediators.1 Thus this host response which is essentially protective by intent paradoxically can too result in tissue disablement. accordingly late(a) therapeutic efforts are now focusing on altering or modula ting this host response. This lead to emergence of a new comprehensive sermon strategy for periodontitis which involves Host modulatory therapy (HMT) which can be combined with traditional periodontal therapies.2To date, there is one FDA approved, general therapy that is prescribed as a host response modifier in the treatment of periodontal disease and that is adjunctive subantimicrobial dose doxycycline (SDD), which down-regulates the practise of MMPs.3These MMPs are considered to be primary proteinases involved in periodontal tissue destruction synthesized by a variety of infiltrating inflammatory cells (i.e. neutrophils and macrophages), resident cells and some bacteria. Numerous studies deem substantiated the relationship between MMPs and periodontal diseases, with findings of strongly higher MMP-9 (neutrophil derived MMPs) levels in patients with periodontitis compared to healthy controls.4, 5 Doxycycline is the most potent tetracycline for ban of these MMPs.6 However d our term tetracycline therapy has veritable disadvantages, the most important being the development of microbial resistance to this medicate.7At preface a health care system exists in India where different theatrical roles of diseases are being treated by Ayurvedic method. Since ancient times Ayurvedic drugs are being utilise for the treatment of various diseases, including periodontal and other oral diseases.8 They are widely acclaimed for their minimal side- motions and cost-effectiveness. Use of herbal tea prolongs in treating periodontal diseases does not produce side cause of tetracycline compounds as well as other unreal drugs.Curcuma longa (Turmeric) is a widely used herb which is distributed throughout tropical and subtropical regions of the world and widely cultivated in India, China and Indonesia.9 It has also long been used in both Ayurvedic medicine and Chinese medicine as an anti-inflammatory drug agent.9 The sprightly constituent in turmeric is Curcumin.9, 10 Curcumin is known to rent an anti-inflammatory effect. Studies show that Curcumin limits the activity of two enzymes, lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase-2 that are involved in promoting and maintaining inflammation.11, 12 Studies strike also shown that Curcumin down-regulates the MMP-9 activity.13, 14 Thus it may accept a potential role in the treatment of inflammatory periodontal disease. Its anti-inflammatory activity in periodontal diseases has not been extensively investigated.With this downplay, the meditate was conducted to value the anti-inflammatory effect of Curcumin by its inhibitory effect on MMP-9 activity and compare the same with Doxycycline, which is known to have an anticollagenase activity.MATERIALS AND METHODSSubjectsA total of 30 sites from 30 subjects (males and females), above 35 yrs of age, diagnosed clinically as having Chronic Periodontitis with pocket depths ranging from 5-8mm were selected for the study. The patients had no history of pervious dental tre atment, antibiotic or anti-inflammatory drug therapy for the past 6 months. Patients with any history of systemic diseases / conditions, pregnant patients and smokers were excluded from the study. An informed consent was obtained from the patients prior to their enrollment into the study, and the study has been independently reviewed and approved by the institutional ethical board. Post collection of samples, the patients who participated in this study received the standard treatment protocol for Chronic Periodontitis.Method of Collection of SamplesGingival tissue samples were obtained infra aseptic conditions after administration of local anesthesia from patients who were diagnosed with Chronic Periodontitis. Gingival tissue samples were obtained from sites with pocket depths ranging from 5-8mm. Immediately following excision, these tissue specimens were briefly washed down the stairs cold distilled water and blotted dry. Then the specimens were transferred into sterile plastic v ials which contained Phosphate Buffer Solution (PBS), pH 7.2, that acted as the transport medium. Specimens were then immediately carried to the laboratory where they were stored at -80C until use.IN-VITRO STUDYChemicals UsedPure extract of Curcumin in powder form (Samy Labs, Bangalore, India) and Doxycycline i.e. pure doxycycline hyclate in powder form (Aristo Pharmaceuticals Limited, Bangalore, India) was used for the purpose of the study. The Curcumin stem was prepared by dissolving 15mg of Curcumin in 10ml of distilled water (1500 g/ml). Preparation of Doxycycline solution was by dissolving 3mg of Doxycycline in 10ml of distilled water (300 g/ml).Extraction of MMP-9The frozen gingival tissue samples were allowed to thaw to room temperature. Then each(prenominal) tissue sample was homogenized with 2.5% Triton X-100. This was followed by centrifugation of the homogenized samples for 30 mins at 6000 rpm, at 4C. The resulting supernatant was separated and used for analysis.Detecti ng the Optimal Curcumin and Doxycycline ConcentrationTo determine the optimal inhibition of MMP-9 by Curcumin, different preoccupations of Curcumin i.e. 300, 500, 1000, 1500 g/ml were added to 50l of gingival tissue extract and incubated at room temperature for 60mins.The increment of increasing concentrations of Curcumin to the gingival tissue extract resulted in decreased MMP-9 activity as shown in Figure 1.Assessing the MMP-9 activity by Densitometric Analysis demonstrated that the concentration of Curcumin required to inhibit more than 50% of MMP-9 activity was 1500 g/ml. Since Curcumin showed more than 50% inhibition of MMP-9 activity at a concentration of 1500 g/ml as compared to the control (without drug), this concentration was used to pretreat the gingival tissue extract in the study. The Curcumin solution with a concentration of 1500 g/ml was freshly prepared prior to processing of each sample of gingival tissue extract.Similarly increasing concentrations of Doxycycline ie 50, 100, 200, 300g/ml were added to 50l of gingival tissue extract and incubated at room temperature for 60mins. Assessing the MMP-9 activity by Densitometric Analysis demonstrated that the concentration of Doxycycline required to inhibit more than 50% of MMP-9 activity was 300g/ml and thus this concentration was used to pretreat the gingival tissue extract in the study. The Doxycycline solution with a concentration of 300g/ml was freshly prepared prior to processing of each sample of gingival tissue extract.Pretreatment of Gingival Tissue Extract with Curcumin and DoxycyclineTo compare the inhibition of MMP-9 activity, 50l of gingival tissue extract was preincubated with freshly prepared solution of 50l of Curcumin (1500l/ml) and 50l of Doxycycline (300l/ml) solution for 60mins at room temperature in separate vials. In addition, 50l of extract was also incubated with 50l of distilled water which was used as the control. verification for MMP-9 ActivityThe presence of MMP-9 activ ity in collected samples was studied by gelatin zymography. Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate-Poly Acrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) on 10% polyacrylamide containing 10% SDS copolymerized with 1g/l gelatin was used to pretreated tissue extracts under non reducing conditions without prior boiling. After electrophoresis, in order to regain the enzyme activity, the gels were rinsed with 2.5% Triton X-100 for 1hr to remove SDS thus allowing the protein to denature. The gels were then immersed in a proteolysis buffer containing Tris- HCl 50 m M/l (pH 7.6) and CaCl2 20mM/l and incubated at 37 C for 16 hours. The gels were subsequently stained Coomassie Blue (0.25% Coomassie undimmed Blue R250, 40% methanol, 10% acetic acid). Gels were destained (30% methanol, 10% acetic acid and 60% water) until white bands appeared clearly from the blue background. These bands of gelatin lysis detected against the blue background as seen in Figure 2, represented enzymatic activities.RESULTSThe presence of MMP-9 was studied. The enzymatic activities were detected as unstained bands on gelatin gel by zymography technique. In order to measure the relative MMP-9 levels, multi-image gel documentation systems were used to scan the clear zones and the fortune of inhibition was analyzed. Significant differences were found in the MMP activity in treated groups compared to the control.Figure 3 illustrates the step-down in the MMP-9 activity of each sample of gingival tissue extract when incubated with Doxycycline and Curcumin, expressed as percentage of reduction from the control.Table 1 shows the range, mean values and the standard deviation (S.D.) values for Curcumin and Doxycycline. The mean values show 59.58 % reduction in the MMP-9 activity with the addition of Doxycycline and 61.01% reduction in the MMP-9 activity with addition of Curcumin to the gingival tissue extract under identical conditions.Table 2 shows comparison of MMP-9 inhibitory effect between Doxycycline and Curcumin.The results obtained were analysed statistically using students paired t- test.DISCUSSIONPeriodontal diseases are the result of destruction of the soft and hard connective tissues surrounding and supporting the teeth. Inflammation is the basic cause of initiation of this breakdown. Research in the field of pathogenesis of periodontal disease has shown that various enzymatic activities which are directed towards the destruction of the pathogen also result in destruction of the periodontal connective tissue. Research has shown that, Matrix metelloproteinases (MMPs) are one group of enzymes which are responsible for this destruction to a astronomical extent. MMPs are involved in a number of physiological events including, tissue remodeling and pathological diseases such as periodontal disease and are the major players in collagen breakdown during periodontal destruction. MMPs are normally tightly regulated and disruption of this regulation leads to the pathologic breakdown of connective t issues. Higher levels of MMPs in the periodontal tissues annoy an imbalance between the production and degradation of collagen, causing tooth attachment loss. Especially, PMN derived MMPs (MMP-8 MMP-9) are the main proteinases related to tissue destruction and remodeling events in periodontal diseases. Numerous studies have substantiated the relationship between MMPs and periodontal diseases, with findings of significantly higher MMP-9 levels in patients with periodontitis as compared to healthy controls.4, 5, 15With this understanding of the role of host immune response in periodontal destruction the possibility of host modulation so as to reduce the destructive aspects of the host response and hence reduce the damage to the periodontium was investigated. First group of drugs that showed this host modulation activity were tetracyclines. Studies have demonstrated that tetracycline could significantly inhibit collagenase activity in GCF and gingival tissue, even at lower social di sease than traditional antimicrobial dosages ie sub antimicrobial dosage.3 Tetracyclines inhibit collagenases by binding to the Ca2+ or Zn2+ (cations) required for the activation of MMPs such as collagenases and gelatinases.16 It is also possible that tetracyclines can inhibit synthesis of neutrophil-derived oxygen radicals, suppressing neutrophil migration and degranulation.17 However, microbial resistance to tetracyclines has been reported.7 In addition, long term treatment can result in other side- set up such as anorexia, nausea, epigastric distress and fatty liver. A few recent studies on collagenase inhibition suggested that, like tetracyclines, herbal extracts are also potent inhibitors of pathologically elevated collagenases and hence they may be used as an alternative adjunct in the management of periodontal diseases.18, 19 Ayurvedic drugs like Neem, Triphala, Bakul etc have been used therapeutically since ancient times to treat diseases, including periodontal diseases. Wi th the advent of modern synthetic drugs their convenience of standardized dosage form, dramatic efficacy in acute conditions and most of all simplicity of usage, there was a decline in the use of the plant medicines. But a long term treatment, with these synthetic drugs, has many adverse effects and they are also not cost effective. As Ayurvedic drugs, are widely acclaimed for their minimal side-effects and cost-effectiveness in India, they are now again being used extensively in treatment. Use of herbal extracts in treating periodontal diseases does not produce side effects of tetracycline compounds as well as other synthetic drugs.It has been shown that certain ayurvedic medicines also have the host modulation effect, similar to that of tetracyclines. A few recent studies conducted on collagenase inhibition by herbal extracts suggest that, like tetracyclines, herbal extracts are also potent inhibitors of pathogenically elevated collagenase and hence may be used as an alternative a djunct in the management of periodontal diseases.18, 19, 20Turmeric which has Curcumin as its active constituent has been shown to have anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti- bacterial, anti- viral activities etc.10 Its anti- inflammatory activity has not been investigated in periodontal diseases.With the above details in mind the present study was conducted to evaluate the anti-inflammatory property of Turmeric. In the present study the anti-collagenase activity of Curcumin was compared with that of Doxycycline which has proven anti-collagenase activity.In the present study we chose Doxycycline because it has been proved that it is a more potent collagenase inhibitor as compared to minocycline and tetracycline.6 Studies have shown that Curcumin down-regulates MMP-9 activity13, 14, 21 and thus, in the present study we chose Curcumin to find out its anti-collagenase activity by checking its effect on MMP-9 activity.Research has shown that the predominant MMPs in inflamed gingival and periodontal tissues are PMN- type MMPs (MMP-8 MMP-9). Elevated activity of gelatinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9) has also been found in inflamed gingival tissues from chronic periodontitis patients.5, 22 The activity of PMN- type MMPs has been found not only to positively correlate to the severity of inflammation and pocket depth but also the amount of these enzymes recovered in an active rather than latent form appears to increase with greater severity of periodontal disease in the gingival tissue.20 Thus, since the above studies have shown that activity of PMN- type MMPs is increase in inflamed gingival tissues, in the present study we decided to use gingival tissue samples that were obtained from the patients diagnosed clinically with chronic periodontitis.The reduction in the MMP-9 activity of each sample of gingival tissue extract when incubated with the drugs .i.e. Doxycycline and Curcumin, was expressed as percentage of reduction from the control (without drug). The mean values sho wed 59.58% reduction in the MMP-9 activity with the addition of Doxycycline and 61.01 % reduction in the MMP-9 activity with addition of Curcumin to the gingival tissue extract under identical conditions. These results show that Curcumin has a significant inhibitory effect on PMN-type MMP-9, and this inhibitory effect of Curcumin is comparable to that of Doxycycline when the percentage of inhibition as compared to control was analysed. Curcumin also showed a significant reduction in the MMP-9 activity with an average inhibition of about 61% which is also statistically highly significant (p 23 and 12 g per day.24 But the boilersuit results show that Curcumin has the ability to significantly inhibit the MMP-9 activity.The present study suggested that Curcumin could produce significant inhibition of MMPs at 1500 g/ml concentration, which is well under the gumshoe drug profile confirmed by toxicological studies.23, 24 Thus this study shows that Doxycycline and Curcumin possess anticoll agenase activity in vitro.The finding of the present study is significant and confirms the use of Curcumin in treating periodontal diseases. A recent in vivo study showed that Curcumin modulates periodontal disease and had potent anti-inflammatory effects when it was systemically-administered in ligature-induced periodontitis in rats.25 Studies have shown that one of main mechanisms for the anti-inflammatory effects of Curcumin may be the inhibition of NF-B (nuclear factor kappa B).13, 25 The Curcumin-mediated inhibition of MMP-9 gene rumination appears to occur via NF-B and AP-1 (Activator Protein-1) because their DNA binding activities were suppressed by Curcumin.14, 21When compared to tetracycline, Curcumin has better anti-inflammatory effect, is more cost effective and has minimal side effects and thus can be tried as a substitute for Tetracycline as an anticollagenase agent. Curcumin also allows suppression of collagenase activity well within the adept dosage profile confirme d by toxicological studies.The in vivo environment is substantially different, and inherent limitations of an in vitro replication may constrain our understanding of the systemic effects of Curcumin. Further in vivo studies of Curcumin are needed to define its toxicological profile before making it a part of the therapeutic regimen in periodontal treatment.CONCLUSIONIn the light of observations from the current study it can be concluded that Doxycycline and Curcumin possess anticollagenase activity in vitro. Since Curcumin has better anti-inflammatory effect compared to Tetracycline, Curcumin being more cost effective and with no side effects can be tried as a substitute for Tetracycline as an anticollagenase agent. Thus Curcumin may have therapeutic potential as a host modulation agent in periodontal diseases.

Characteristics of System Modules

Characteristics of transcription ModulesIdentify and re carriage the names , purpose and characteristics of system modules such(prenominal) as m new(prenominal) table, violence issue, CPU, Memory modules, storage devices, display devices, adaptor cards, ports and cases in the given machine.(10 marks) find out Mother Board (P4-GA-EP45T-UD3LR 775/DDR3 w/Sound+local anesthetic area network) excogitation The purpose of mother board is to guide the computer do computations. It has moundes, or electrical pathways to allow data to travel between the various components that entangle in a computer and it acquire two-chip layout that cigaret perform with lower power consumption.Characteristics It is the basic system of the electronic circuit of computer and all the components for the computer system be glued on it with its various slots and connectednesss. Moreover, CPU, panel connector slots, repositing cards, the adapter cards, DDR slots, AGP, AMR and PCI slots, north and south b ridges are glued on it. The back panel ports stick by dint of the back of the case.fig 1.1 Motherboard signalize Power Supply ( ATX power supply with 550W ) usance The purpose of power supply is to deliver electrical power for e really(prenominal) connector in the system board and its expansion converter of AC current voltage to DC current voltage.Characteristics power supply is the converter of AC current voltage to DC current voltage and it has 24 downslope or 20 pin and 4 pin. Power supply of 24 pin and 20 pin is to provide motherboard and 4 pin auxiliary is for CPU fan.Name CPU (Intel Core 2 Duo 2.93GHz 3 MB / 1066 / 775 LGA Socket) affair The CPU, the brain of the computer, is to receive data from routiner and it reads, interprets tuitions and executes commands.Characteristics In a PC, the CPU accustoms its ALU (Arithmetic/Logic Unit) to stake out mathematical operation and it toilet change mess data in memory board to another addressfig1.2_CPUName Memory Modules( D DR2 RAM 2GB 240pin 800 MHz Kingston )Purpose It enables computers to work faster because all the information processed by the CPU is written or read from memory,Characteristics Memory module is a board utilize to refer to a series of projectile random access memory integ come outd circuits modules mounted on a printed circuit board and designed use in personal computers, workstations and servers.Name computer memory Devices (such as Floppy, Hard dish aerial, Tape, CD, DVD drives)Purpose It faeces save data permanently from temporary data storage by optical and magnetic methods.Characteristics major magnetic devices (floppy disks, sticky disks, and taping) are rigid disks that are permanently sealed in a non-removable, vacuum- tight portion of the drive unit. With the optical media (CDs, DVDs), data is stored digitally on a light-sensitive material by a powerful, highly foc utilize a laser beam.Name Monitor (19 LCD Color Monitor(View transonic wide view 1932 wm with DVI+LED) Purpose Monitor is the device to display the videos and graphics information generated by the computer through the video cardCharacteristic Monitors are similar to televisions but display information at much higher quality. There are two kinds of monitor. They are CRT (Cathode ray tube) and LCD (Liquid quartz Display).LCD monitors are much thinner, and less power consumptions than CRT monitorsName Adaptor CardsPurpose is to enable our computer to communicate with another peripherals such as monitorCharacteristics Motherboard Graphic Adaptors are low damage flat panel display interface card to use on board.Name PortsPurpose It is use to connect with electrical devices that need for personal computer system.Characteristics It is the place where the devices needed to go into in motherboard for a computer. And there are many ports on following.Ports Name Pins Inserted ParticlesPS 2 6 pins Key Board, MouseSerial 9 pins modem, mouse, joystickParallel 25 pins printerVGA 15 pins monit orUSB 4 pins mp3, memory sticks, etc.RJ 45 8 pins use to connect with networkName CasesPurpose It is the box or tower which can enclose the main components of a computer such as motherboard, power supply, drives and many peripherals. fig 1.3- System unit and CasingCharacteristics Cases are usually constructed from steel, aluminium or plastic is sometimes used. And it is the largest component in computer system. Tower cases come in mini, mid and big towers and int lay offed to stand on the floor. There are the capacities for CD-ROMs, floppy disk, hard disk drives. I/O ports can insert in back panel shield. Moreover, Cases are more than 14 inches tall.Task 1b) Identify the names, purposes and mathematical process characteristics of the specimenized peripheral ports in the machine such as Serial, USB, Firewire, DB, RJ, Din, Mini-DIN, Centronics, Associated cabling and their connectors.(10 marks) bod1.bName Serial Port(9 pin)Purpose It is to provide a standard connector and protocol to let our attach devices, such as modems, to our computersPerformance characteristics It is the basic external connections to a computer and Integral part of most computers. The serial port completely in support of USB connections, most modems still use the serial port, and in some printers, PDA and digital cameras.Name Parallel PortPurpose It is to connect the PC with printer, external CD drives, Zip drive, external hard disk drive, or tape backup device.Performance characteristics The parallel port can sends data simultaneously over 8 data lines at strongholds of12,000 Kbps.Name USB (Universal Serial Bus) PortPurpose It can allow data to ship between electrical devices and supply electrical power to that devices from cable without own power source.Performance characteristics USB port is depended on by some devices to get power or charge their battery. Moreover, USB for connecting on personal computers and equipments such as network adapters, broadband and cellular modems for n etwork access and USB printers to be shared on a home network.Name FirewirePurpose FireWire is to connect data storage devices to anything from TVs or even professional Video recording apparatus because of its high data transfer rate, its perfect for transporting video and digital playback device to a digital recording device.Performance FireWire can provide more power than USB 2.0 and can deliver data faster. And most satellite TV and digital receivers for cable have a Firewire output and this port can recorded programmeming to a PC in its original MPEG2 format. build 1b.1for FireWire on popular digital cable terminal used today.Name DBPurpose Data Bus is connections between and within the CPU, Memory, and many peripherals that used to carry data.Performance There are 2 types of data bus, they are data bus and address bus. The data bus is the media that transfer data and address bus transfer information about where the data should go and let to be transferred data faster.Name RJ (Registered Jack)Purpose It is the port for twisted pair cable called local area network (local area networks), especially Ethernet or RJ-45 that can link with MODEM or Ethernet Switch. And Modem RJ-11 connectors are also to connect some types of LANs with modems. flesh 1b.2 RJ-45, RJ-11 and Ethernet switchPerformance Characteristics RJ-45 looks similar to RJ-11 that used for telesound equipment, but RJ-45 are a bit wider than RJ-11. Moreover, RJ-11 is connector that has a four or six wire connectors that used to connect telephone equipment.Name DinPurpose It is used in AT style of computer. DIN connectors held in place by the friction of the connector body and by pins. And it is used in PC keyboards, MIDI instruments, and etc.Performance characteristics DIN connectors are round, with pins arranged in a circular pattern.Name Mini-Din bod. 1b.3Purpose It is the another type of DIN connectorPerformance MINI-Din connectors are 9.5 mm in diameters and come in seven patterns that in the form of number of pins from 3 to 9.Name Centronics (printer port)Purpose Centronics port shows the bi-directional version of the port, which allows the transmission and reception of data bits at the same time.Performance Characteristics It has 36 pin connector to connect the PC with printer. That can light data with maximum 4 megabytes per second for faster printing and back channel status and management. And new standard of Centronics port can connect scanners, tape drives, Hard disks, computer networks adapters and other devices.Task 2 joust the 3 most popular types of mother boards, their components and their architecture (6 marks)Types of motherboardsXT (Extended Technology)AT (Advanced Technology)ATX (Advanced Technology Extension)The components include in motherboard are The CPU, the busses, Chipsets (controllers), sockets, connectors, etcArchitecture of motherboardThe motherboard is a board covered with electronics and it is just a big plastic sheet which is full of electric al conductors. And the conductors (tracks) run crossways and down, and in several(prenominal) layers in order to connect all the individual components, and transfer data between them. The cabinet and the motherboard are made to satisfy to each one other, so there are holes in the metal for the connectors mounted on the board. Finally, the motherboard has to be linked to the PCs power supply installed in the cabinet.b) Identify the purpose of CMOS memory in your PC and list out what it contains. Describe how and when it is necessary to change the CMOS parameters (6 marks)The purpose of CMOS in PCCMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) is situated in BIOS chipIt requires very little power and it can be powered by a small battery thats integrated into the motherboard hold dataIt will be automatically recharges while the computer is on.CMOS MEMORY containsStandard CMOS setup course of instructionBIOS Features setup ProgramPower care ProgramPNP/ PCI Configuration ProgramLo ad BIOS Defaults ProgramLoad Setup Defaults ProgramLooking about Integrated PeripheralsSupervisor PasswordUser PasswordIDE Hard magnetic disc Drive Auto signal detectionHard Disk Drive Low Level FormatSave and Exit Setup ProgramExit Without Saving ProgramCMOS Parameters can be changed in CMOS Setup Program and this program can be entered by racking the DEL or F2 key continuously during the Window Program is started to run. In roughly Motherboards that have jumper which allows the user to return to the default CMOS setting configured by the manufacturer in CMOS restore to factory defaults. This is useful because when you cannot enter the CMOS Setup Program because of the incorrect CMOS setting or Lost CMOS Setup password. So, that make sure the power is completely off when you shorten the jumper.c) You are required to use two different types of newswriters and list the following information derived from each printeri) What are the printer technologies, interfaces and options for upgrades available for your printers (4 marks)ii) What are the 2 common printer problems which you can expect from our printers, list our remedies for the problems employ trance references? (4 marks)Two different types of Printers areSerial PrinterPage PrinterIn Serial Printers,Two Groups can be categorized as followImpact Printers (Using Ribbon)-Dot Matrix Printersb) Non- Impact Printers (Using Toner Cartridge)-Thermal Printers-Ink Jet PrintersIn Page Printers,Non Impact PrintersLaser Printers (Mono chrome, Color laser)Interfaces Of Printer It is a collection of hardware and software package that allows the printer to communicate with a computer. It can make some printer more flexible in multiplatform environment. If the printer has several interfaces, it can usually exchange between them on the fly so that several computers can print at the same time.Reference from A+ extravagant Pass written by David GrothOptions for UpgradeResolution Of Printer can be measured as DPI (dots per inches)Printer BufferTwo Common Printer ProblemsPaper JamCause of Toner drum on laser printersRemedies for Printer ProblemsIf the is jammed, the first work is to pull out any remnants. Even the smallest piece of piece of music could cause the problem so check your printer carefully.If the problem is related with toner cartridge, check to see your printer toner cartridge that is empty or low. So, the solution is to fill the toner to your laser printer and this problem is depending on time and you must check once a year for your printer. Moreover, the major problem is the ink will alter out in the small nozzles and block if they are not use at least once a week.Task 3For this task and consequent task you need to set up a small Windows XP network using at least 3 computers. Produce a report with appropriate screen capture evidencing your practical work and covering the following informationIdentify the types of network cables, their characteristics and the connectors which you will use for the network.(5 marks)Types of Network CablesCharacteristicsConnectors that use for the network unprotected Twisted Pair (UTP) CableIt consists of several pairs of wires twisted in the insulated jacket and found in 10/100 Base T Ethernet networks.topographic anatomy angiotensin-converting enzymeRJ 45Coaxial Cable (RG)Suitable for most LANs communications that consists of copper wire sealed by insulation and metal foil shieldTopology BusRJ 58 (use for 10base2 (Thinnet) Ethernet),RJ 8(use for 10base5 (Thicknet) Ethernet),Fiber Optic CableA thin, flexible glass fiber covered by rubber coating and provides transmission velocity from 100 Mbps up to 1 Gbps and a maximum distance of severalMiles.Topology StarST/SCST a barrel-shaped connectorSC- square type connectorShielded Twisted Pair (STP) Cable10 Mbps to 2 Gbps for Ethernet, 16 Mbps for minimum RingTopology Star or RingRJ 45 for Ethernet, IDC/UDC for Token Ring (IDC-IBM data connector, UDC-Universal Data Connector)Resear ch and list five different technologies available for earnings connectivity for your network and list their strengths and weaknesses. (10 marks)5 different technologies for meshing ConnectivityDIAL-UP dial up internet uses a modem and dial-up networking (DUN) in Window to establish a connection between a PC and an Internet Service Provider (ISP).It uses standard telephone lines and ties up the phone while it is operating.Dial-up speed is limited to between 52 Kbps and 56 Kbps.ISDN (Integrated Service Digital Network)it is a special type of phone line that is able to carry data faster than a regular dial-up.It also has a separate enunciate channel, so you can place voice calls while connected to the Internet. It requires special phone lines from the phone company.ISDN is a dial up connection and uses dial up networking. However, it establishes the connection much more readily than a standard dial-up, usually within 5 seconds.ADSL (Asymmetric digital subscriber line)It enables Int ernet using existing copper wired telephone networks. It uses the main sentiment of DSL technology and it works by splitting the existing telephone line signal into two one for voice and the other for data. ADSL is asymmetric as it uses most of the channel to transmit downstream to the user and only a small part to receive information from the user.http//homepages.uel.ac.uk/u0113650/DSLBASICS.htmlFIBER CONNECTIONIt can transfer data via light waves.And data transmission is incredibly fast.They are made from glass or plastic fibers in the core of the cable surrounded by a cladding layer (designed to reflect light back towards the core) and a buffer coating,BROADBAND internet accessBroadband has a high rate data transmission and minimum speed that users can get is 256 Kbps.Broadband uses lower-bitrate transmission methods.Broadband technologies supply double rate than Dial-up modems and generally without disrupting telephone use.Strengths and Weaknesses for Internet ConnectivityKinds that use for Internet ConnectivityStrength for using this technologyWeakness for using this technologyDial-up. Cheapest type of Internet connection. Low price. Lower speed than any other. Discomfort of typing up phone lineISDN. Call setup is very quick. Low retrieval time. flowerpot carry data and voice at the same time and voice clearness is incomparable. ISDN routers and modems are more expensive than any others. Data connections are not available in all locationsADSL. High speed connection. Use of phone line while connected. Faster down committal than upload. birth testing takes a long time. Home user is contented at 501 by sharing your 512 Kbps with 49 other people, giving you 10 bps.Fiber connection. It can transmit data over long distance without much data loss... Can cost more price than broadband connection cost. not susceptible radio frequencyBroadband. Maximum transmission speed is 4 Mbps. transmittance capacity is faster than Primary ISDN. Bandwidth is not always reli able for customer. Not sufficient enough to provide good video quality.c) List the 5 networking capabilities of Window XP (5 marks)5 networking capabilities of Windows XPInternet Connection Firewall (ICF)When your computer is connected to the Internet or other route for the network, there is a threat of not leave attack to approach your computer data. If the computer is connecting the external network, a Firewall can protect your home network versus the danger of unsafety network jammed to pass.Network Setup WizardWindow XP introduces us with a Network Setup Wizard for easy using of Setting up your network and it use to configure the Internet connection on your network, and supply the Internet Connection Firewall. Moreover, it can be run on the Window 98, Window ME and Window XP computers on your network using the CD or a floppy disk.Network Diagnostics FeaturesNetwork Diagnostics features help diagnosing network problems increase people who is setting up small networks. The featur es of The Network Diagnostics Web Page and NetSh helper, Network Connections Support Tab, Network Connection Repair Link, Task managing director Networking Tab and Updated Command Line Network Diagnostics Tool, enable troubleshooting of various problems by the users.Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet (PPPoE)Window XP creates connections using Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet (PPPoE). By using this Broadband modem, LAN users can have high-speed data networks. And PPPoE provides separate connections for each user to a remote server. In addition, it also enables your internet connections join smoothly with Internet Explorer and other Window Applications.Wireless LAN EnhancementsWindow XP deploys some features and enhancements about Wireless LAN networks and these enhancements are summarized as follow.Enhanced Ethernet and Wireless protection (IEEE 802.1X Support)Wireless Zero ConfigurationFig.3 c.1 showing about internet connectionsTask 4Task 4For this task you need to do a refreshed install of Windows XP (or later operating system permitted by your tutor) on a computer. Prepare a report evidencing your practical work covering the following questionsList out the names, locations, purpose and contents of any 10 Windows XP (or later versions permitted) systems loads.(10 marks)By this question, I need to install a Window XP (Service pack 2) I insert a Window XP installer disc into my CD drive.When the CD is read, the monitor screen shows the following messages.Fig 4a.1By this message,I pressed any key such as Space, Enter, Backspace, etcFig 4a.28So Finally, The Window XP installation was finished and the wallpaper and Recycle Bin icon is display on the screen.Simple ReferenceFrom practicable RoomList out the names, locations, purpose and contents of any 10 Window XP (or later versions permitted ) system shoots (10 marks)Names of 10 Window XP system files arrangement All system files are located in C Window XP filePurposes of system filesNTLDR It usual ly run on primary hard disk drive and the purpose is to loading the boot process for Window NT operating system including Window XP, Window Server 2003.NTDETECT.COM is used on computer that has BIOS firmware. In Windows Vista and later Operating Systems, NTDETECT.COM is now only to supports ACPI (Advanced Configuration and Power Interface).IO.SYS is an essential part of MS-DOS and Window 9x because it contains MS device drivers and DOS initializing Program. And it can arrange the device drivers into memoMSDOS.SYS It is a hidden system file created on the root of the boot drive. It can changed the PC environment by replacing the file contentsPathsWinDir=CWINDOWSWinBootDir=CWINDOWSHostWinBootDrv=COptionsBootGUI=1Network=1BootMulti=1CONFIG.SYS can set up the memory managers in the system. It can load files, mostly TSRs and devices drivers, in turn(console, disk, serial port, etcBOOT.INI is to protected from user configuration by having the file attributes such as system, hidden, read -only. To manually edit itAUTOEXEC.BAT contains DOS commands that executed automatically when a PC boots . This locates in the root directory of the hard drive of the computer and is used to set defaults to run programs that should be executed during setup.Contents PROMPT $P$GCOMMAND.COM is the default operating system shell file for DOS operating system and the default command line interpreter on DOS-based 16/32-bit Window versions of 9x and Me.NTUSER.DAT it is to set the default language to instead of English and can edit file to correspond to the new languageBOOT.INI it is a text file available on the computer. And it is fetched by NTLDR and displayed as OS options.Contents boot loadertimeout=10default=multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(2)WINDOWSoperating systemsmulti(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(2)WINDOWS=Microsoft Windows XP /fastdetectC = Microsoft Windowsb) Use the following tools in Windows such as Microsoft vigilance Console (MMC), Event Viewer and Task Manager on the system. List out the practical uses of these tools. (10 marks)Microsoft Management Console (MMC)Fig 4b.1First, if you indispensability to enter the Microsoft Management Console, youll enter RUN (win key + R key) program and type MMC.And then MMC program is opened.Fig 4b.2In Fig 4b.2, there is no program in console root and if you take to add or remove snap-in, go to the File Text Menu Bar (Ctrl+m). You can add the programs that you want to do in the same time and you can dawn Remove button to remove the program that you dont want to do.Fig 4b.3Fig 4b.4 shows that you can choose the programs that you want to do and Click Add if not you can while away Close Button to exit from the program.Fig 4b.4The above example shows that the user chose the Device Manager Program to add to the Console Root. And he get hold ofs Add.Fig 4b.5And the message box shows on the screen to choose the kind of computer (local or another) and the user chose local computer. Click Finish to save the program in add or remove snap-in.Fig 4.6This above Add/Remove Snap-in box shows that the program that you already add and if you want to add second program, you will click Add button for future(a) time.Fig 4b.7Fig 4b.7 shows that the user seems to add Disk Defragmenter, Disk Management (Local), Event Viewer (Local), Device Manager on local computer. And the picture is clicked Disk Defragmenter program.Fig 4b.8The picture shows the Console1.msc file is saved in desktop.Fig 4b.9Also the Console1.msc file is saved on the desktop on the screen. So, you can also see the Console1.msc file on desktop. And so, u can be use Disk Defragmenter, Disk Management (Local), Event Viewer (Local), Device Manager on local computer by clicking the Console1.msc file.Event ViewerFig 4b.10If you want to use event viewer software program, press Window key+R and type eventvwr and click OK.Fig 4b.11In event viewer software program, you can see the application, Security and System software icons.Fig 4b.12When you click Ap plication list, you can see what happen in your Computer Operation System such as Informations, Warnings, and Errors when the computer is running.Fig 4b.13And system list shows how many events occur date by date such as Errors and Information.Fig 4b.14 is as same as Fig 4b.13In above picture is about System Properties and it can be opened by clicking right click on system icon.Fig 4b.15In the box of System Properties, the user can adjust the Maximum log size, overwrite events date and clear log manually.Fig 4b.16Fig 4b.16 shows that the user can change the Event types if the only he wanted by clicking right click and go to view and then click filter. And click OK to show them or click Cancel to get back to the Menu.Task ManagerIf you want to enter the Task Manager Program, press Window Key and Run key to enter Run Program and type as taskmgr.Fig 4b.17The above message box is showing that which applications are running on the OS and has Applications, Processes, Performance, Networkin g and Users icons.Fig 4b.16The above picture shows that if you want to close Windows Messenger, select it and click right click and choose End Task.Fig 4b.17And this above picture is about if you want to open the program (eg. Window Media Player), click New Task to create New Task.Fig 4b.18Moreover, the user can look which program takes how much memory usage in Process Option.And if you want to close Window Media Player click end process to close.Fig 4b.20And in Performance option, the user can see the CPU and PF usages and histories.Moreover, In Networking option, the use would see the Connection between Local Area Network.Fig 4b.21In user list, the user can see that how many user accounts in there. And he can disconnect or log off the Administrator (user) account..c) gear up two new devices after you have installed the Operation system and list out the procedures which you used for adding and configuring the devices drivers. (10 marks)I installed the Printer after you have instal led the Operation system. instalment of PrinterFirst, connect the data cable with Printer port.Fig 4c.1And, go to the control panel and click the Printer and Faxes.Then, click Add a printer dialog-box.So, the screen shows the display box Welcome to the Add Printer.And then click Next to continue.19th August, thorium at 948 AM.Fig 4c. 2And the message box shows that you need to choose local or network printer.If you want to share a printer, chose network printer. But you must have a printers driver in computer. So choose local printer for the users computer only.19th August, Thursday at 949 AM.Fig 4c.3Select printers port such as LPT (Recommended Printer Port/Parallel Port), COM (Serial port), USB port, so chose USB port.Fig 4c.4I think you need to choose the manufacture and models of your printer. If you dont have printers model, click take up Disk button and choose and assign as HP and add as HP Deskjet 2200 series.Fig 4c.5Choose either share the printer or dont share the printer. So choose dont share the printer.Fig 4c.6So, finished the installation of printer.19th August, Thursday at 955 AM.Fig 4c.7At the end of the installation of Printer, your installed Printer is in use. Moreover, if you want to share this printer, click right-click to the sharing of printer.Fig 4c.8And in the Sharing Tab, you need to choose Share this printer.19th August, Thursday at 959 AM.Fig 4c.9At the end, the installation is finished and the printer is ready to use now.19th August, Thursday at 1000 AM. deftness of ScannerFig 4c.9First, I mounted the scanner to USB port then the message box shows Found New Hardware and I clicked the right click to My computer icon and then choose Properties to see the property of scanner.17th August, Tuesday at 1237 AM.Fig 4c.10In Hardware tab, I click the Device Manager to see for the scanner installation.17th August, Tuesday at 1238 AM.Fig 4c.11In Device Manager Option, the new scanner program is showing Question Mark as unknown device or other d evice.17th August, Tuesday at 1238 AM.Fig 4c.12For the first step, I go to the My computer program and then click the Canoscanner icon to open. In second step, I chose the Setup to Install the scanner.17th August, Tuesday at 1241 AM.Fig 4c.13And the CanoScan Message Box is shown to install the scanner and then some software installation notes is shown as to know.17th August, Tuesday at 1242 AM.Fig 4c.14And the message box shows that the check marks will be installed and remove the check mark if some program is not unwanted by clicking next time to unwanted program.And click Install to install the marked program and click Back to go back to the main menu.1

Blockbuster Video Analysis Essay -- essays research papers

The television system rakehellal industry was one of the more growing serve retailers in the mid-1990s. However, due to Blockbuster, many rental video companies have failed to compete against this category killer. wolfram Coast Video, Video City, and Hollywood Video, which are among the few and just now large competitors of Blockbuster in the tri-state area. Many family-owned video rental stores could not compete against Blockbusters assortment of videos. Blockbuster opened its first store in 1985 and has grown to become the worlds number one video chain. Blockbuster is open 365 days a year with 9,800 stores worldwide. Customer base has risen above 50 million in the United States as well as several million more worldwide. The Gallup Organization, known for the Gallup Polls, declared that Blockbuster has 100 percent recognition. Most importantly, 70 percent of the population in the United States lives deep down cardinal minutes of a Blockbuster store. Category killers, howev er, usually rend customers from far distances. Because most customers are ten minutes away, small businesses in competition will fail. A modern marketing campaign has been the promotion of DirecTV, a digital satellite service election to cable television. Also, an alliance with Radio Shack has been in effect promoting new technologies. To compete against the up rise of online rental services, Blockbuster has been testing online rental services which allow customers to reserve and rent videos from specific stores. The other services retailer is West Coast Video, a Philadelphia-based company that was once a supreme competitor to Blockbuster. West Coast Video was at one point, New Jerseys largest video rental chain in 1997. That preceding year, the company acquired stores from Palmer Video, tops(p) Video, and Great American Video. It became the fourth largest video chain with close to half of its 568 stores in New Jersey. However, the company has approximately 225 stores to avoid going out of business. This year, West Coast has closed most of its North New Jersey stores, including this analyzed store. The West Coast store has been bought out by Video City, a recent competitor trying to tackle the Northeast market. However, they only operate a small number of stores in the area and specialize in e-commerce. They have no marketing strategies as of yet. The Blockbuster store is located in Nutley, New Jersey, a... ... may become a nuisance to a customer. Overall, Blockbuster, is very appealing, especially the Nutley store. Its large location is very attractive comparable to tocopherol Coast Video location. Blockbusters overall domination has 3 Blockbuster locations within ten minutes of each other the other two are located in North Arlington and Clifton. Another advantage is that Blockbuster members can rent at any location because the stores are all linked together. Movies, however, must be returned to the store where it was originally rented. East Coast Vide o, on the other hand, has only one other location in Kearny and the stores are not linked. Blockbusters strength has been great service, family values, and moderate pricing as opposed to East Coast Video. However, they are a fairly new company. Video Citys strategy is to control the adult film rental category and attract loyalty within these customers. Their website, however, offers only the sale of videos and does not provide information about the companys history whereas Blockbuster takes pride in their socially responsible efforts. Its very hard to avoid Blockbuster because of the availability of products, service, and convenience.

Who Is Raising the Children? Essay -- essays research papers

Who Is Raising the Children?Children are no longer being raised by effective positive entrances. Most parents dont have sufficient prison term to spend with their kids because of economic realities. They are relying on other resources to be positive figures. As well as parents, educators alsolack the time and resources to positively influence students in their care. This lack of guidance is resulting in a generation of children without a sense of proper behavior and morale.Most parents are forced to limit the total of time they can spend with their children. Our economy may be the largest factor that separates parents from their kids. In single parent homes, the parent often has to work two jobs to house their family. Even when children are living with two parents, often both must work full time jobs. By simply trying to achieve nominal income, parents dont have enough time to dedicate strictly to their children.Parents are having to rely on other resources to develop their chi lds mind. All too often, tv has become the saucy baby-sitter for todays youth. This generation of children is watching more hours per day than any generation before it. In order to achieve higher ratings and a larger audience, television is pushing the limits of behavior and morality. When children are left with television as their main influence, a child doesnot receive a proper sense of reality. Th...

Cultural Values in The Left Hand of Darkness, The Fellowship of the Rin

Shaping of Cultural Values Through Environment in The Left Hand of Darkness, The Fellowship of the Ring, and dune Ursuala K. LeGuins The Left Hand of Darkness was written after J.R.R. Tolkiens The Fellowship of the Ring and Frank Herberts Dune. One of the most interesting comparisons between the three novels is how the authors treat the bonk of cross-cultural misunderstandings. All three works contain many incidents where people of one race or planet encounter people of a contrasting race or from a different planet. Tolkien treats this issue in a specisitc or physiological manner. The cultural misunderstandings and clashes that arise in The Fellowship of the Ring argon delinquent to the differing physiology of the characters. Herbert deals with cultural misunderstandings in an environmental manner. In Herberts world, cultural values depend less on which species a character belong to (because all characters reckon to be roughly human) and instead depend on environme ntal variables. In The Left Hand of Darkness, LeGuin combines both approaches. The cultural misunderstandings between Genly Ai and Gethenians are due both to difference in physiology and different cultural values imprinted by environmental factors . Tolkiens physiological approach is best seen by examining the hobbits attitude towards the outside world. The hobbits are suspicious of, and generally do not understand, non-Hobbits. This can be seen by the Shires constant suspicion of Bilbos past adventures. The miller Sandyman comments on Bilbos adventures Elves and Dragons I says to him. Cabbages and potatoes are develop for me and you. Dont go getting mixed up in the business of your betters, or youll land in trouble too... ...iologically different from the Gethenians and take places from a planet with a altogether different environment. Both of these factors lead to numerous misunderstandings in LeGuins novel. The difference in the three authors approaches may be seen in the debate between genetics and environment may be the broader issue. Tolkien seems to take the genetics side, Herbert takes the environmental side, and LeGuin, being the daughter of an anthropologist, realizes that both genetics and environment determine cultural values. These values often come into conflict, and when they do, misconceptions and misunderstandings are almost inevitable. Works Cited Herbert, Frank. Dune 1984, Chilton Book participation LeGuin, Ursula L. The Left Hand of Darkness 1969, Ace Book Company Tolkien, J.R.R. The Fellowship of the Ring 1993, Houghton Mifflin Company

Wedding Toast - Best Man Essay -- Wedding Toasts Roasts Speeches

Wedding Speech - Best ManAfternoon everyone, firstly, the city council have asked me to requestthat, for wellness and safety reasons, none of you get up on top of the chairsand tables during my standing ovation.Im sure youll all admit this has turned out to be a fabulous weddingcelebration, yet every silver- lining does have a cloud, and that is,unfortunately that youve all got to listen to me for a hardly a(prenominal) minutes.Id just like to start by thanking everyone on behalf of the Bride andgroom, for sharing their wedding day, although personally I wish youd allstayed at home, because things would have been a lot easier on me. Id also like to thank you George, on behalf of the bridesmaids for your kindwords and also my personal thanks for giving me the opportunity to dresslike Lawrence Llewellyn Bowen and for finally admitting after all theseyears that I am the best man. This book tells you to start all speeches with a joke & I promise Ill startshortly. It also says that you are the most forgiving reference & youlllaugh at the lamest joke. Over the next 10 minutes I will be severelytesting this theory. ...I was really nervous before hand, so I prepared a few lines - and havingsnorted them Im feeling pretty good right now...I didnt think I was going to be that nervous solely believe me this is not thefirst time today that Ive stood up from a warm seat with a bit of pap... ...h, fruity and intoxicating to the mind and consequently turn full bodiedwith age until they go all sour and vinegary, which inevitably gives you aheadache.In all seriousness though George, it has been a colossal honour to have been yourbest man here today, but more importantly to have known you as a truefriend of yours all over the last 14 years. I sincerely wish you the happiest ofmarriages and may our friendship continue for many years to come. I started planning this speech a few weeks ago.... & it must feel like Ivebeen delivering it that long. So it gives me immense pleasur e, not tomention relief, to invite you all - well those who still can - to stand.Ladies and gentlemen, George and Julie

Cindy Sherman Essay -- essays research papers

Artist Cindy ShermanBorn 1954 Glen Ridge, NJ and raised in suburban Long IslandSchool Earned a BA Degree in 1976, Buffalo State University of N.Y., where she initially studied painting. She failed the requisite introductory photography course because of her difficulties with the technological aspects of making a print. She ascribe her next photography teacher with introducing her to conceptual art, which she says had a liberating effect on her. Graduated in 1977 and moved to N.Y.Exhibit First survey exhibition of her work, the Stedelijk Museum, capital of The Netherlands 1982 followed by a retrospective at the Whitney Museum of American Art, N.Y. 1987 The complete series (Film Stills) was first exhibited at the Hirshhorn Museum in Washington D.C., 1995 Lives and works in N.Y. Film Stills serial of black and white photographs created from 1977 to 1980, series of 69, includes 7 color works ranging in date from 1980 to 1992 Many taken in Shermans apartment, she plays every role her self, although they are non self-portraits. She does not reveal herself, but shows the many masks of f...